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Bloomfield
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Bloomfield's illustrated
St. Augustine: Bloomfield
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^ >IPPLIED IIVUGE
= 1653 E. MPIN STREET
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= TEL C716D 482-0300
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Illustrated Historical Guide.
KMBRACIMO Ati AOQDUNT OF TBB
i
ANTIQUITIES OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA
■ t' to which is added ^
A Condensed Guide of the St. John's, Ocklawaha,
Halifax, and Indian Rivers. ;..>
Distance Tables to Points on the above-mentioned Rivers,
' And Principal Cities North, East, and West.
•• «
imi I0CR18T W FLORIDA 8B0CLD PROCCBE A COPY. NO BOOK PCBUSHED COXTAIS-
m 8DCe A COMPLETE ACCOCMT.
MAX BLOOMFIELD,
BOOKSELLER, NEWSDEALER, & STATIONER,
ST AUOUSTTfm, FLA.,
Editor, Publisher, and Proprietor.
18 84.
^
, AT 1 < -
FLORIDA STATE LIBRARY
» V
' 1
COPYRIGHTED 1882, BY MAX BLOOMFIELD. ».
■ JvC' r . •• ..*^:
•:? r^-'n
. *■ ■ ■-■
TTT.OKTDA STATE T.TRR*RT-
THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES,
Having become cognizant of the wants of the tourist, as
to receiving information on all principal points of interest
in the " Ancient City," we have endeavored to give as true
and faithful an account as can be prepared in a condensed
form. ^
As there are many among our visitors who would like to
be informed as to the early history of St. Augustine, without
going into the deep detail, which the reading of some of the
works involves, we have quoted some very interesting facts
from the different writers. !
Included in this work we have given a complete guide to
the St. John's, Ocklawaha, Halifax, and Indian Rivers, with
distance table to the same, aad to principal cities, north,
east, and west, reckoning from Jacksonville, Florida.
Particular attention has beeft given to the accuracy of the
appended map, which will prove an invaluable aid to all who
wish to visit the different places of St. Augustine.
St. Augustine, Florida, June, 1882.
121
9 O
(3)
.ux
CONTENTS.
§
I
PACK
Whys and Wherefores, . , . . • • • • • '3
St. Augustine, . . . 7
o
Expeditions to Florida **
Huguenot Massacre, . . . • '*
St. Augustine in 1773, '5
C. B. S. on St. Augustine, 1881 '7
Spanish Governors, '**
Modern St. Augustine, '9
Public and Ancient Buildings, . . . . • • • • ^I
The Spanish Cathedral 21
Governor's Palace, ^3
Oldest Houses, Spanish Corridors, etc., 24
United States' Barracks, ^6
Trinity Episcopal Church 26
Convents, .....••••••• ^O
The Colored Home, • • ^7
The Plaza ^7
The Slave Market, 3©
Cemeteries— Dade's Massacre— The Martyr Priest, . . • -3*
The Ancient Gateway, 37
Town Wall, 3*
Fort Marion— The Escape of Wild Cat, etc., 3^
Sea Wall, 5*
Anastasia Island, 5^
Orange Groves, Rose Gardens, etc., ere - 55
(5)
CONTENTS.
PAGB
56
New St. Augiistin«,
Ravenswood, . ........... 5^
The Yacht Club, 57
Handsome Winter Residences, 57
Bathing, Yachting, Fishing, and Hunting, 59
Country Drives, 59
Boarding- Houses, ........... 60
History of the Minorcans 60
St. Augustine in 1817, 69
St. Augustine in 1843 — Old Customs, 73
St. Augustine During the Civil War 79
The St. John's River, 80
Ocklawaha River, °7
Halifax and Indian Rivers, 89
Mileage on the St. John's River, 9°
Mileage on the Ocklawaha River, 93
Mileage from Jacksonville to Points East, West, and North, . . .94
Florida Views, 95
I
BLOOMFIELD'S
HISTORICAL GUIDE
ST. AUGUSTINE.
St. Augustine, Florida, is undoubtedly the oldest city,
by forty years, in the United States, and was founded at a
period when Spain was the greatest power on earth. Juan
Ponce de Leon is supposed to have been the first one to
have landed in Florida, on the Sunday before Easter, in
15 12, it being Palm Sunday, which the Spaniards in those
days called Pasqua Florida^ or Flowery Easter, from the
palms and roses with which the churches are decorated on
that day. Therefore he gave the name of Florida to the
country.
The event of founding St. Augustine did not take place
till 1565, fifty-three years after the first landing of De Leon,
the famous knight, who hunted for the fountain of youth.
On the 8th day of May, 1565, Pedro Menendez de Aviles,
at the head of some of Spain's most valiant knights, landed
on the shores of Florida and planted the banner of Spain,
proclaiming Philip II. the ruler of the whole continent of
North America. We do not intend to go into detail, but
expect to do our duty as a Guide^ and hope to be a good
and faithful one, but for the benefit of our readers we quote
the following excellent article :
(7)
8
bloomfield's historical guide.
" EXPEDITIONS TO FLORIDA.*
" 1497. It is claimed by the English that during this year
Florida was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, who did not
land, but merely sailed along the East coast.
" 15 12. Juan Ponce de Leon left Porto Rico in April, in
continuation of his search for the Fountain of Youth, and
on the second day in that month — (which day being the
Sunday before Easter, is called Palm Sunday, and which the
Spaniards in those days called Pasqua Florida, or Flowery
Easter, from the palm branches and flowers with which the
churches are decorated on that day) — landed on the coast, in
30 degrees and 8 minutes, north latitude, near the present
site of St. Augustine, and gave the name of Florida to the
country.
" 1 5 16. Diego Miruelo visited the Gulf coast section and
obtained pieces of gold from the Indians.
" 1517. An expedition commanded by Fernandez de Cor-
dova visited the country.
" 1 5 19. One Anton de Alaminos soon after visited the
Gulf coast.
" 1521. Ponce de Leon made his second visit to the East
coast. The Indians attacked his forces, killing great num-
bers. De Leon, being wounded in the conflict, was obliged
to retreat to his ships. He set sail for Cuba, and soon after
his arrival died from the effect of his wounds.
'* 1528. Panfilo de Narvaez landed at Clear Water Bay,
near Tampa. He explored the northwestern section of the
State, and becoming discouraged he built several small boats
and endeavored to reach Mexico. A sudden storm drove
* Whitney's Pathfinder.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
his boat to sea, and he was never again heard of Of the
300 who composed this expedition, only four were known to
have escaped; among the nurnber was Alvar Nunez Cabeca
de Vaca, who succeeded in reaching Mexico, and from thence
to Spain.
" 1539. Hernando de Soto disembarked at Tampa Bay,
and traversed the northwest section of the State. He con-
tinued his researches far beyond the bounds of Florida into
the valley of the Mississippi, where he died, and was buried
beneath its waters. The expedition then wended its way
down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and from
thence to Mexico. Of the one thousand who four years
previous had landed, only three hundred reached their des-
tination.
" 1545. A treasure ship, en route from New Mexico to
Spain, was wrecked on the eastern coast.
*' 1 549. Four Franciscan brothers landed at Tampa Bay,
and were massacred by the Indians.
" 1552. About this period an entire Spanish fleet, except-
ing one vessel, was wrecked on the Gulf coast, while en
route for Spain from Havana.
" 1559. Don Tristan de Luna disembarked on the Gulf
coast with over fifteen hundred followers, but he soon aban-
doned the country.
• " 1562. The French Protestants, or Huguenots, under Jean
Ribaut, arrived on the coast, near St. Augustine. He con-
tinued north and disembarked near the mouth of St. John's
River, called by the Spanish at that time St. Matheo, and
erected a stone landmark, bearing the French coat of arm.s.
Continuing north he landed at Port Royal and endeavored ,
to established a colony. Having built Fort Charles, and
lO
bloomfield's historical guide.
M
leaving twenty-five men to garrison it, he returned to France.
The colony, being neglected and constrained by hunger,
constructed a rude vessel and set sail for their country.
They succeeded in their undertaking after having experi-
enced terrible suffering.
"1564. Rene de Laudonniere arrived at St. Augustine;
continuing north he landed at St. John's Bluff, on the St
John's River, and erected Fort Caroline, where Jean Ribaut
had previously erected his landmark.
"1565. August 29th, Jean Ribaut, who had previously
returned to France, arrived with his colony at Fort Caro-
line, with supplies for Rene de Laudonniere.
"1565. Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived on the coast
and established St. Augustine, about the same time that Ri-
baut arrived at Fort Caroline. Menendez, upon hearing of
the arrival of the French, set sail for the purpose of their
extermination. He drove the French fleet from the coast
and returned to St. Augustine, and immediately planned a
land attack on Fort Caroline. Arriving eariy in the morn-
ing he attacked the fort and massacred nearly all its inmates.
Laudonniere with a few others escaped. Hanging several cap-
tives to a tree, he placed above them this inscription : * Not as
Frenchmen, but as Lutherans.' On the return of Menendez
to St. Augustine a solemn mass was celebrated and a Te Deum
sung in commemoration of the victory. Meanwhile a severe
storm overtook Jean Ribaut's fleet and all were wrecked at
Matanzas, and subsequently cowardly butchered by Menen-
dez, in squads of ten, with their hands pinioned behind their
backs. Thus, in all, nearly three hundred men met their death.
"1567. Dominic de Gourgues, a Huguenot gentleman,
arrived at Fort Caroline, and, with aid from the Indians, fully
ST. AUGUSTINE.
II
avenged the wickedness perpetrated by Menendez. Over the
lifeless bodies of the Spanish he wrote : * Not as unto Span-
iards or outcasts, but as to traitors, robbers, and murderers.*
" 1586. Sir Francis Drake made an attack on St. Augus-
tine. He succeeded in plundering and burning the largest
portion of the town. His descent resulted in the capture of
/J"2000, u hich he took from the treasure-chest within the fort.
" 1598. The Indians massacred several priests in and about
St. Augustine.
" 1665. The pirate, John Davis, made a descent upon St.
Augustine and pillaged the town.
" 1702. Governor Moore, of South Caroline, captured St.
Augustine, and held the town for three months ; before he
withdrew he burned it. He, however, failed to capture the
fort.
" 1740. General Oglethorpe laid siege to the town. He
planted his guns on Anastasia Island, also behind the sand-
hills on Point Quartell. He also erected a sand battery on
Anastasia Island, opposite the fort. After an unsuccessful
attempt of forty days to capture the fort, he withdrew. He
again in 1743 marched to the very gates of St. Augustine,
but met with no better success.
" 1763. Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain.
" 1766. It was receded to Spain.
•* 1 8 19. Florida passed into the hands of the United
States. The change of flags occurred in East Florida, at
St. Augustine, July lotli, 1821.
** 1845. Florida was admitted into the Union as a State.'*
This article will give the reader a very fair idea how
eventful must have been the early history of St. Augustine.
12
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
The old saying, " If walls could speak," does not come amiss
here, for they undoubtedly could tell tales far more thrilling
than the most absorbing of our melodramatic tales in fiction.
<^
HUGUENOT MASSACRE.
For the benefit of our readers we will give the translation
of the account of the Huguenot massacre, being a memo-
randum of a letter by the chaplain of the expedition under
Menendez :
" Your Excellency will remember that when I was in
Spain I went to see the General at the Port St. Marie, and
that he showed me a letter from monseigneur the Kmg,
Don Philip, signed by his hand, in which his majesty stated,
that on the 20th of May, the same year, seven French ships,
bearing seven hundred men and two hundred women, had
sailed for Florida."
(Then follows a description of the armament of the Span-
ish fleet, and the instructions given to the Adelantado, Pedro
Menendez, to proceed to Florida and claim the country for
the King of Spain. — Translator.)
"On the eighth of the month, the day of the nativity of
Our Lady, the General landed, with many banners displayed,
to the sound of trumpets and of other instruments of war,
and amid salvos of artillery. I took a cross and went before
them chanting Te Deutn Laudamus. The General marched
straight to the cross, followed by all those who accompanied
him ; they knelt and kissed the cross. A great many In-
dians witnessed the ceremonies, and imitated all that they
ST. AUGUSTINE.
A.
13
saw done. The same day the General took possession of
the country in the name of His Majesty. All the captains
swore allegiance to him as their General, and as Adelantado
of the country.
♦ ****»
" We are in this fort to the number of six hundred com-
batants.
******
" To-day as I finished the mass of Our Lady, the Admiral
was informed that a Frenchman had been captured. He
told us that our enemies had embarked more than two hun-
dred men on four vessels to go in search of our fleet; God
our Father sent suddenly so great a tempest that these men
must have been destroyed, for since their departure, have
occurred the worst tempests I ever saw. The following
Monday we saw a man approach, who cried out loudly:
* Victory! victory! the French fort is in our hands.' I
have already stated that the enterprise which we have under-
taken is for the glory of Jesus Christ and of His Holy
Mother. The Holy Spirit has enlightened the reason of
our chief, in order that all may be turned to our profit, and
that we might gain so great a victory. The enemy did not
perceive them until they were attacked, most of them being
in bed; many arose in their night-clothes, and begged for
quarter. Notwithstanding this, one hundred and forty-two
were killed, the rest escaped. In an hour's time the fort
was in our possession.*
"A few days after this some Indians came to our fort and
informed us, by signs, that a French vessel had been wrecked
* Fort Caroline.
14
bloomfield's historical guide.
on Anastasia Island.* The General, with the Admiral and
many followers, repaired to the coast, and taking with him
a Frenchman, who had accompanied us from Spain, he called
to them to come over. A French gentleman, who was a ser-
geant, brought their reply to the summons to surrender ; for
they had raised a flag as a signal of war. He said that they
would surrender on condition that their lives might be spared.
The General demanded an unconditional surrender Seeing
that no other resource remained to them, in a short time
they all surrendered themselves to his discretion.
•' Seeing that they were Lutherans, his Excellency con-
demned them all to death ; but, as I was a priest and felt a
sympathy for them, I begged him to grant me a favor, — that
of sparing those who would embrace our holy faith. He
granted me this favor. I succeeded in thus saving ten or
twelve ; all the rest were executed because they were Lu-
therans and enemies of our holy Catholic faith. All this
took place on the day of St. Michael, September 22d, 1565.
There were one hundred and eleven Lutherans executed,
without counting fourteen or fifteen prisoners."
/, Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales, Chaplain of his
Excellency, certify that the foregoing is true.
Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales.
A Huguenot survivor of the attack on Fort Caroline has
described that human butchery as "a massacre of men,
women, and little infants, so horrible that one can imagine
nothing more barbarous and cruel."
* Directly opposite where Fort Matanzas now stands.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
ST. AUGUSTINE IN 1773.
15
\
St. Augustine has changed remarkably in the last few
years. A great many old landmarks are continually being
removed to make way for enterprises of various kinds. To
give the reader an idea of St. Augustine, many years ago,
we will quote Stork's description of it as it appeared about
"The town of St. Augustine is situated near the glacis of
the fort, on the west side of the harbor. It is an oblong
square. The streets are regularly laid out, and intersect
each other at right angles. They are built narrow on pur-
pose to afford shade. The town is above half a mile in
length, regularly fortified with bastions, half bastions, and a
ditch. Besides these works, it has another sort of fortifica-
tion, very singular, but well adapted against the Indians, an
enemy the Spaniards had most to fear. It consists of several
rows of palmetto trees, planted very close along the ditch,
up to the parapet. Their pointed leaves are so many che-
vaux-de-frise, that make it entirely impenetrable. The two
southern bastions are built of stone.
" In the middle of the town is a spacious Square, called
the Parade, open towards the harbor. At the bottom of this
square is the governor's house, the apartments of which are
spacious and suited to the climate, with high windows, a
balcony in front, and galleries on both sides. To the back-
part of the house is joined a tower, called in America a
lookout, from which there is an extensive prospect, towards
the sea as well as inland. There are two churches within
the walls of the town, the Parish Church, a plain building,
and another belonging to the Convent of Franciscan Friars,
r
W
i6 bloomfield's historical guide.
- 1^ . ■
which is converted into barracks for the garrison. The
houses are built of freestone, commonly two stories high,
two rooms upon a floor, with large windows and balconies.
Before the entry of most of the houses runs a portico of
stone arches. The roofs are commonly flat. The Spaniards
consulted convenience more than taste in their buildings.
The number of houses in the town and within the lines
when the Spaniards left it was above 900 ; many of them,
especially in the suburbs, being built of wood, are now gone
to decay.
" The inhabitants, of all colors, whites, negroes, mu-
lattoes, Indians, etc., at the evacuation of St. Augustine,
amounted to 5700, including the garrison of 2500 men.
Half a mile from the town, to the west, is a line, with a broad
ditch and bastions, running from St. Sebastian's Creek to
St. Mark's River. A mile further is another fortified line,
with some redoubts, forming a second communication be-
tween a stoccata fort, upon St. Sebastian's River, and Fort
Mosa, upon the river St. Mark's.
" Within the first line, near the town, was a small settle-
ment of Germans, who had a church of their own. Upon
St. Mark's River, within the same line, was also an Indian
town, with a church built of freestone. What is very re-
markable, the steeple is of good workmanship and taste,
though formerly built by the Indians The governor has
given the lands belonging to this township as glebe-lands to
the Parish Church."
St. Augustine in 1882 is undoubtedly a beautiful spot,
but, by what we glean from old writers, in ancient times
it must have presented a scene of great beauty, with its
profusion of orange groves and lovely flower gardens.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
17
In January, 1766, the thermometer sank to 26° above
zero. The only snow-storm remembered was during the
winter of 1774; the inhabitants spoke and thought of it as
the " white rain." But the coldest weather ever known in
Florida or St. Augustine was in February, 1 835, when the
thermometer sank to 7° above zero, and the St. John's
River froze several rods from the shore. This freeze proved
a great injury to St. Augustine, for it killed every fruit tree
in the city, and deprived the majority of the people of their
only income. The older inhabitants still remark, that the
freeze of 1835 cost most of them their all.
** C. B. S." ON St. Augustine in 188 i.
This is how it strikes " C. B. S.," of IVititer Cities in Sum-
mer Land:
"Then morning comes, 'and such a morning as does not
come anywhere except at St. Augustine ;' and the verdict,
St. Augustine is ?iot what all the other world is, is the uni-
versal one. And then with wanderings through the quaint
old streets, sailing down the bay to the light-houses and the
coquina quarries, gathering shells by the seashore, quiet
strolls along the Sea-wall, resting now under the shadow of
the watch-tower in the Castle San Marco, the hours fly so
quickly, but not too quickly, to paint the pictures that
memory loves to call her own."
For the benefit of our readers we will enumerate the
names of those who have ruled St. Augustine, until the
change of flags.
§1
if* 5
T: >i
\ ;
i8
bloomfield's historical guide.
- SPANISH GOVERNORS *
1. Juan Ponce de Leon, landed .
2. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon,
3. Tanfilo de Narvaez,
4. Hernando de Soto, appointed 1537, died
5. Tristan de Luna, .
6. Angel de Villafane,
7. Pedro Menendcz de Aviles, .
8. Pedro Menendez Marquez, killed
9. Hernando de Miranda, .
10. John D. Salinas, .
11. Diego de ReboUedo,
12. Juan de Hita y Sala/car,
13. Pablo de Hita, commenced .
14. John Marquez Cabrera, in
15. Francesco de la Cluerra, commenced
16. Diego de Quiroga,
17. Laureano de Torrez i Ayala, in
18. Joseph de Zuniga i la Cerda, till
19. Francesco de Corcoles Martinez, Captain Uenera
20 Juan de Ayala y Escobar, commenced
21. Anthony Benavules,
22. Francesco de Moral Sanchez, .
23. Manuel de Montiano,
24. AlouiO Hernandez de Herida,
25. Lucas Fernando Palacios,
The above still lacks about ten names of being complete.
The following were the Captains-General during the second
Spanish supremacy :
I. Vincente Manuel de Zespedez, .... 1784
. IS'2
• 1524
• 1527
• 1542
155961
I561
1565-72
• 1574
»575-93
1593-1619
• »655
1676-79
• »679
. 1680
. 1684
1690
• 1693
. 1708
, 1708-12
1712
1719-30
» 730-37
1737-41
1755-58
1758-62
2. Jose de Galvez, .....
. 1786
3. Juan Nepomucenu Quesada, .
. 1790
4. Enrique WHiitc, ....
. 1796
5. Juan Jos6 de Estrada,
. 1811
6. Sebastian Knidalem, . . . . .
. 1812
7. Juan Josfe de Estrada (second term),
. 1815
8. Jos6 Coppinger
1816-21
♦ Whitney's Pathfinder.
M^'
1 1
ST. AUGUSTINE,
19
We have given the reader such portions of history as will
serve to familiarize him with the early days of St. Augustine.
We will now attend to our real object, — a faithful guide.
MODERN ST. AUGUSTINE.
St. Augustine is now chiefly an attractive and delightful
winter resort, and, on account of its historical relations, is
undoubtedly the resort to which the tourist or invalid is
most partial. It is situated about thirty-five miles from Jack-
sonville, directly south, and fifteen miles from the St. John's
River, east.
It is on a peninsula, bounded on the north by the main-
land, on the east by North River, the harbor channel and
the Matanzas River separating it from Anastasia Island, on
the ocean ; and on the south and west by the San Sebastian
River. The city occupies the same point upon which Men-
endez first located, who gave the name of St. Augustine to
the town, as he arrived on the coast on the day dedicated to
that Saint. It having previously been an Indian village, by
the name of Selooe or Seloy, for the Spanish found habita-
tions in considerable numbers.
In addition to the Catholic Cathedral, the city possesses
six churches; Presbyterian (i). Episcopalian (i), Methodist
(colored i), Baptist (colored 2), and African (i). Four ex-
cellent schools are at all times well attended, ist. Peabody
Fund School, No. i. 2d. Peabody Fund School, No. 2, for
colored children. 3d. The Convent School, for girls, where
excellent tuition is given by the " Sisters of St. Joseph."
4th. The Sisters' School, for boys. For a general education
the Peabody School will compare favorably with any in tlie
ll
20
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
I
country; and parents desiring to remain here during the
winter can with safety allow their children to attend.
The ancient city has two newspapers, both weekly. The
Sf. John's Weekly ^ M. R. Cooper, Esq., editor, issued every
Friday evening.
The St. Augustine Press, J. F. Whitney, Esq., editor,
issued every Thursday evening.
From January to May we have two mails daily, and
your newspaper is but thirty-six hours old on its arrival
from New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, Cincin-
nati, etc.
Communication by telegraph is unsurpassed, and the ex-
press companies' service is daily.
The hotel and boarding-house accommodations are ample,
and better than ever. St. Augustine is especially beneficial
to invalids for its excellent sea-bathing, which can be enjoyed
at the bath-house, either hot or cold. Another great feature
is the artesian well, the mineral qualities of which is said to
be equal to that of Saratoga, Bedford, and other famous
springs.
We will now enter the quaint old town and take a look at
all there is to be seen. The first thing that will strike you as
being peculiar is the streets, of which there are a number. The
principal ones run north and south. Bay Street, the widest
of all, faces the water; the next, west of this, is Charlotte
Street ; next is St. George, then comes Tolomato Street.
Hospital Street also runs north and south, commencing at
King Street, and running to Bridge Street; the latter runs
east and west. King Street is the principal one running
east and west ; it begins at the depot and ends at the Sea-
wall. You will be greatly attracted as you pass through
ST. AUGUSTINE.
21
this street by the lovely lane with its overhanging trees of
oak and pride of India. The narrowest street in the city is
Treasury, portions of which are only seven feet wide, and
you can with very little exertion shake hands across it.
The narrowness of the streets and the hanging balconies
add greatly to the quaintness of the whole. The old
houses, generally built close to the street, are apt to give the
exterior a barren look ; if the visitor will take the trouble to
give a peep into the court or rear yard, he will be aston-
ished to see the semi-tropical scene that presents itself.
The streets in the old Spanish times were floored with con-
crete, and vehicles and horses were not allowed to travel on
them.
The Shell Road, formerly called King's Road, leading from
the City Gates to Jacksonville, was constructed in 1765, by
subscription ; 'tis the favorite drive in the city, and leads to
" Magnolia Grove," about five miles out, noted for the grand
avenues of live oaks, which are profusely draped with Spanish
moss. Tis a place well worth visiting.
The old Spanish residences are constructed of coquina, a
conglomeration of shell and sand, the quarries of which are
situated on Anastasia Island. Tis said that the old-time
Spanish houses were flat-roofed.
PUBLIC AND ANCIENT BUILDINGS.
The Spayiish Cathedral. — This is undoubtedly the quaintest-
looking structure in the city. It was completed in 1793, at
a cost of over 516,000. Its quaint Moorish belfry, with four
bells, which are set within separate niches, together with the
clock forms a complete cross.
1
« 1
22
bloomfield's historical guide.
Upon one of the bells appears the following
SANCTE JOSEPH
ORA PRO NOBIS
D 16S2
This bell was probably taken from the ruins of a previous
church, located on the west side of St. George Street. The
other bells have inscriptions on them, but no date. The
small bell in the upper niche was placed there about fifty
years ago. having been presented to the church by Don
Fig. 1.
THE SPWilSh CATHEDRAL AT ST. AUGUSTINE, FIORIOA.
Geronimo Alverez. The ceiling of the church is painted;
the floor, now of wood, was formerly concrete. There is
one painting of mterest hanging on its walls, bearing the
following inscription :
-. ST. AUGUSTINE. ; 23
FIRST MASS IN SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA, SEP. 8,
1565, AT THE LANDING OF THE SPANIARDS
UNDER PEDRO MENENDEZ.
WITH RELIGION CAME TO OUR SHORES CIVILIZATION,
ARTS, SCIENCES AND INDUSTRY.
This painting is supposed to be not the imagination of
some person, but a true copy of the landing of the Spanish
as inscribed on the picture. Near the altar hangs a unique
lamp of solid silver, in which has been kept burning the
sacred flame, almost without intermission, for nearly a hun-
dred years. Near the vestibule, upon the left as you enter
the church, is the sacred crucifix belonging to the early
chapel of Nra Sra de la Leche. It is said that another
ornament of this chapel, a statue representing the Blessed
Virgin watching from the church over the camp of the new
believers in her Son's divinity, is in the convent of St.
Theresa, at Havana. A very interesting document is prob-
ably in the possession of the church in Cuba, which is an
inventory taken under a decree, issued February 6th, 1764,
by Morel, Bishop of Santa Cruz, enumerating all the orna-
ments, altars, efiRgies, bells, and jewels, belonging to the
churches and religious associations of St. Augustine. This
inventory, and much of the property, was taken to Cuba in
a schooner, called Our Lady of the Light, From this record
it might be possible to learn something of the history of
the bells in the belfry.*
GOVERNOR'S PALACE,
Now used as the Post-Office, Custom House, and Public
Library, stands directly opposite the western side of the
* Dewhurst's History of St. Augustine, published in 1881.
\\
INTENTIONAL SEC(AD EXPOSURE
22
BLOOMFIELDS HrSTORICAL GUIDE.
Upon one of the bells appears the following
SANCTE JOSEPH
ORA TRO NOBIS
IJ r6S2
This bcll was probably taken from the ruins of a previous
cliurch, located on the west side of St. George Street. The
other bells have inscriptions on them, but no date. The
small bell in the upper niche was placed there about fifty
years ago, having been presented to the church by Don
Fkm. 1.
THE SPANtSh CATHEOaAl AT SI. AUGUSTINf, FLORIDA.
Geronimo Alverez. The ceiling of the church is painted;
the floor, now of wood, was formerly concrete. There is
one painting of mterest hanging on its walls, bearing the
following inscription :
■-— s—
ST. AUGUSTINE. 21
FIRST MASS IN SAINT AUGUST'INE, FLORIDA, SEP. 8,
1565, AT THE LANDING OF THE SPANIARDS
UNDER PEDRO MENENDEZ.
WITH RELIGION CAME TO OUR SHORES CIVILIZATION,
: ARTS, SCIENCES AND INDUSTRY. :
This painting is supposed to be not the imagination of
some person, but a fnu^ copy of the landing of the Spanish
as inscribed on the picture. Near the altar hangs a unique
lamp of solid silver, in which has been kept burning the
sacred flame, almost without intermission, for nearly a hun-
dred years. Near the vestibule, upon the left as you enter
the church, is the sacred crucifix belonging to the early
chapel of Nra Sra de la Leche. It is said that another
ornament of this chapel, a statue representing the Blessed
Virgin watching from the church over the camp of the new
believers in her Son's divinity, is in the convent of St.
Theresa, at Havana. A very interesting document is prob-
ably in the possession of the church in Cuba, which is an
inventory taken under a decree, issued February 6th, 1764,
by Morel, Bishop of Santa Cruz, enumerating all the orna-
ments, altars, effigies, bells, and jewels, belonging to the
churches and religious associations of St. Augustine. This
inventory, and much of the property, was taken to Cuba in
a schooner, called (9//r Lat/f of the LigJit. From this record
it might be possible to learn something of the history of
the bells in the belfry.*
GOVERNOR'S PALACE,
Now used as the Post-Office, Custom House, and Public
Library, stands directly opposite the western side of the
Dcwhurst's History of St. Augustine, published in 1881.
•j
ji
24
BLOOMFI eld's HISTORICAL GUIDE.
w
Plaza, corner of St. George and King streets. Under the
skill of modern workmanship it has lost its quaint appear-
ance, for it truly was a quaint-looking structure, with its
lookout towers and balconies, and the handsome gateway,
mentioned by De Brahm, which is said to have been a fine
specimen of Doric architecture. It was completely sur-
rounded by a thick coquina wall, the remains of which can
still be seen on the northern side of the building ; the corners
of this wall rose up in columns about eight feet higher than
the wall. One of these columns is still standing, in excel-
lent preservation, looming grimly up next door to Bloom-
field's Stationery Emporium.
OLDEST HOUSES, SPANISH CORRIDORS, ETC.
St. Augustine has a great many old houses. Each history
and guide picks out some other structure to be its " oldest
house " in town, therefore, we will try to enumerate them
all, and then " you pays your money and takes your choice."
The wall opposite the United States Barracks, upon which
reclines the " Date-Palm " tree, is said to be the oldest wall
in the city; this is very probable, as we have heard it re-
marked by one of our old Spanish Dons, aged seventy^ight
years, that he remembers that both wall and tree stood there
when he was a child.
Brinton, in his Guide to Flotida (1869), says: "The
' oldest house ' in town is at the corner of Green Lane and
Bay Street. A century ago it was the residence of the Eng-
lish Attorney-General, and probably was built about 1750.
The house decayed for want of occupancy, and the wood,
being a sort of royal palm, fell a prey to the relic-hunting
ST. AUGUSTINE.
25
tourist and the curiosity dealers, who made walking-canes
from it." On Hospital Street, between Artillery and Green
Lane, stands a very old coquina building, used now as a
Fig. a.
m^Xm^A^m^.
ST. FRANCIS STREET OPPOSITE UNITED STATES BARRACKS.
storehouse, the rear of which presents a good idea of a
Spanish house, showing the characteristic Spanish corridors.
This is undoubtedly a very old house. But the oldest origi-
nal walls now standing in the United States, are the
■ t
INTENTIONAL SEC(AD EXPOSURE
24
bloomfield's historical guide.
Plaza, corner of St. George and King streets. Under the
skill of modern workmanship it has lost its quaint appear-
ance, for it truly was a quaint-looking structure, with its
lookout towers and balconies, and the handsome gateway,
mentioned by De Brahm, which is said to have been a fine
specimen of Doric architecture. It was completely sur-
rounded by a thick coquina wall, the remains of which can
still be seen on the northern side of the building ; the corners
of this wall rose up in columns about eight feet higher than
the wall. One of these columns is still standing, in excel-
lent preservation, looming grimly up next door to Bloom-
field's Stationery Emporium.
OLDEST HOUSES, SPANISH CORRIDORS, ETC.
St. Augustine has a great many old houses. Each history
and guide picks out some other structure to be its " oldest
house " in town, therefore, we will try to enumerate them
all, and then " you pays your money and takes your choice."
The wall opposite the United States Barracks, upon which
reclines the " Date- Palm " tree, is said to be the oldest wall
in the city; this is very probable, as we have heard it re-
marked by one of our old Spanish Dons, aged seventy-eight
years, that he remembers that both wall and tree stood there
when he was a child.
Brinton, in his Guide to Florida (1869), says: "The
' oldest house ' in town is at the corner of Green Lane and
Bay Street. A century ago it was the residence of the Eng-
lish Attorney-General, and probably was built about 1750.
The house decayed for want of occupancy, and the wood,
being a sort of royal palm, fell a prey to the relic-hunting
ST. AUGUSTINE,
25
tourist and the curiosity dealers, who made walking-canes
from it." On Hospital Street, between Artillery and Green
Lane, stands a very old coquina building, used now as a
Fig.
2.
ST. FKANCiS 3TKEBT OPPOSITE UNITED bTAI ES liAKKACKS.
storehouse, the rear of which presents a good idea of a
Spanish house, showing the characteristic Spanish corridors.
This is undoubtedly a very old house. But the oldest origi-
nal walls now standing in the United States, are the
il^
26
bloomfield's historical guide.
UNITED STATES BARRACKS.
This building was once used and designated as the "St.
Francis Convent," the appearance of which has been much
changed by the extensive repairs and alterations made by
the United States government. It had formerly a large cir-
cular lookout upon the top, from which a beautiful view of
the surrounding country was obtained. The building is lo-
cated at the south end of the town, at the termmus of the
Sea-wall, and occupied at present by United States troops.
Concerts are given by the military band, in the parade
ground fronting the barracks, twice a week. Guard mount, a
very interesting sight, in which the band participates, can be
witnessed every morning, Sundays included, at 9 o'clock.
TRINITY EPISCOPAL. CHURCH,
Standing on the southern side of the Plaza, directly oppo-
site the Spanish Cathedral, was commenced in 1827, and
consecrated in 1833, by Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina.
THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH
Was built about 1830. It is a plain coquina building, situ-
ated on St. George Street, between Bridge and St. Francis
streets.
CONVENTS.
The old convents are all of the past. The very old convent
of St. Mary was situated on the site just opposite the
Bishop's residence. In the rear of Bloomfield's News Empo-
rium stands what was formerly the new St. Mary's Convent,
but the same is vacant now, the lower floors only bemg used
\
\
ST. AUGUSTINE.
27
for school purposes. The Convent of the Sisters of St. Joseph
is a fine coquina building, located on St. George Street,
about one block south of the Plaza. A visit to the same is
quite interesting. A particularly fine display of laces, and
Spanish and Mexican work, can here be seen.
THE COLORED HOME
For the aged is located on Bronson Street, near King, and
close to the Maria Sanchez Creek. It is a large two-and-
one-haif story building, with mansard roof, and has broad
piazzas. The Home was endowed by Buckingham Smith,
Esq., and built by the late Dr. Isaac Bronson.
THE PLAZA.
What would St. Augustine be without its Plaza ? Thanks
to Holmes Ammidown, Esq., it is now an object of pride.
Previous to his good work, it was the resort of stray horses
and cattle. 'Tis here that the balmy sea-breeze can always
be enjoyed beneath the shade of the pride of India, or the
sturdy oak. Not alone for its natural beauties should it be
treasured, but also for its historical connections. '* The
Plaza dc la Constitucion," is situated in the centre of the
city. During the early part of the Revolution, efifigies of
John Hancock and Samuel Adams were burned here by the
British troops. Nearly in the centre of the square stands
a monument, twenty feet high, erected in 18 12, in com-
memoration of the " Spanish Liberal Constitution." A short
time after, the government gave orders that it should be
torn down. The citizens of St. Augustine, upon hearing of
this order, quietly removed and concealed the Inscribed
marble tablets. The monument remained undisturbed. In
r
11
A
28
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
I '' '■
1818 the tablets were quietly replaced. Of the monuments
erected in commemoration of the Constitution, this is the
only one now standing. Upon the east side is the larger
marble tablet, upon which is engraved the following :
Plaza de la
Constitucion.
Promulga en esta Ciudad
de San Agustm de la Florida
Oriental en 17 de Octubre de
181 2 siendo Gobernador el
Brigadier Don Sebastian
Kindalem Cuba Hero
del order de Santiago
Peira eterna memoria
El Ayuntamiento Const i-
tucional Erigioeste Obeh-sCo
dirigido per Don Fer-
nando de la Plaza
Arredondo el Joven
Regidor De cano y
Don Francisco Robira
Procurador Sindico.
Afio de 1813.
TRANSLATIO.V.
Plaza of the Constitution, promulgated in the city of St. Augustine, East
Florida, on the 17th day of Octol)er, the year 1812. Being then Governor
the Brigadier Don Sebastian Kindalem, Knight of the Order of San Diego.
FOR ETERNAL REMEMBRANCE,
the Constitutional City Council erected this monument under the supervision
of Don Fernando de la Maza Arredondo, the young municipal officer, oldest
memV)er of the corj)oration, and Don Francisco Robira, Attorney and Re-
corder.
" Immediately under the date there is cut in the marble
tablet, the Masonic emblem of the square and compass.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
29
The reader can readily believe that the City Council of St.
Augustine, in 1813, were all too good Catholics to be re-
sponsible for this symbol of Masonry. The history of that
piece of vandalism is said to be as follows : Soon after the
close of the war of the rebellion, the ' young bloods ' amused
themselves by endeavoring to create an alarm in the mind
of the United States commandant, and by executing a series
of cabalistic marks at different localities throughout the
town, to convey the impression that a secret society was in
existence, and about to do some act contrary to the peace
and dignity of the United States. Besides other marks and
notices posted upon private and public buildings about the
town, this square and compass was one night cut upon the
tablet of the Spanish monument, where it will remain as
long as the tablet exists, an anomaly without this explana-
tion."*
Opposite the Spanish monument stands the Confederate
one, erected in 1880, by the " Ladies Memorial Society," in
memory of the soldiers of St. Augustine, who fell in the late
war, the names of whom are inscribed on the large tablets.
The following inscriptions are on the smaller slabs on the
east and west sides.
Our Dead.
Erected by the Ladies' Memorial Association, of St. Augustine, Florida,
A.D. 1872.1
In Memoriam.
Our loved ones, who gave their lives in the service of tlie Confederate .States.
* Dewhurst's History of St. Augustine, 1881.
f The first monument was erected in 1872. It was in the shape of a broken
shaft on a pillar or pedestal. It stood on St. George Street almost diagonally
opixjsite the Presbyterian church.
I
^\r
30 BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
The following inscription is on the south side:
They died far from the home that gave them birth.
By comrades honored, and by comrades mourned.
On the north side :
They have crossed the river and rest under the shade of the trees.
THE SLAVE MARKET.
East of the Confederate monument stands the old, old
market. A queer-looking structure it is. Tis hard to name
its style of architecture, therefore we will call it a piece of
Fig 3.
THE OLD SUVE MARKET AT ST. AUGUSTINE. FLORIDA.
Augustinian mechanism Four years ago it was used as a
meat market, but since, the Council and a private gentleman
have rescued it from what must have been degrading to this
proud piece of Spanish antiquity, of which very little is
known. We have been told that before the war it was used
as a slave market. Whenever a sale was to take place the
bell in the cupola would be rung to notify the public. The
ST. AUGUSTINE.
31
reader will please understand that the compiler of this Guide
does not hold himself responsible for the slave-market story,
but, in the words of the old sergeant at the fort, will say :
*' I'm only giving it to ye as it was given to me, d'ye moind
now ?"
Situated in the Plaza will be found the artesian well, of
the mineral qualities of which we have already spoken.
CEMETERIES-DADE MASSACRE, ETC.
We will now take the interested stranger to the military
burying-ground, which is located just south of the United
States Barracks. Under three pyramids here are interred
the remains of Major Dade and his one hundred and seven
comrades, who were massacred by the Indians when on their
wayto the WithlacoocheeRivertojoin General Clinch. These
were sent from Fort Brooke, at Tampa, to reinforce General
Clinch, and on the 28th of December, 1835, were attacked
by eight hundred Indians in ambush. At the first fire more
than half the soldiers were killed or wounded, but the remain-
der returned the fire, and a small six-pounder cannon was
used with some effect until the artillerymen were all killed
or wounded. The Indians then showed themselves, leaving
their ambush and thus disclosing their numbers, of whom
one hundred were mounted. The fight was kept up for an
hour, when the Indians slackened their fire, and the soldiers
felled trees and erected a triangular fortress as a protection.
The respite, however, was temporary. The Indians again
rushed on with whoop and yell to complete the fearful
butchery, and a desperate hand to hand conflict was main-
tained, until all but three of the soldiers were killed or
wounded. These three managed to escape and tell the
I"
INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE
30 BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
I
The following inscription is on the south side:
They died far from the home that gave them birth.
By comrades honored, and by comrades mourned.
On the north side :
'I'hey have crossed the river and rest under the shade of the trees.
I
THE SLAVE MARKET.
East of the Confederate monument stands the old, old
market. A queer-looking structure it is. Tis hard to name
its st}le of architecture, therefore we will call it a piece of
iHt ULU SLAVE MARKET AT Sf. AUUUbflNE. FLORIDA.
Augustinian mechanism Four years ago it was used as a
meat market, but since, the Council and a private gentleman
have rescued it from what must have been degrading to this
proud piece of Spanish antiquity, of w^hich very little is
known. WV- have been told that before the war it was used
as a slave market. Whenever a sale was to take place the
bell in the cupola would be rimg to notify the public. The
ST. AUGUSTINE.
31
reader will please understand tha^^ the compiler of this Guide
docs not hold himself responsible for the slave-market story,
but, in the words of the old scj-gcaid at the fort, will say :
" I'm only giving it to ye as it was given to me, d')-e moind
now ? '
Situated in the Plaza will be found the artesian well, of
the mineral qualities of which we have already spoken, i
CEMETERIES-DADE MASSACRE, ETC. \
We will now take tlie intere.stea stranger to the military
burying-ground, which is located just south of the United
States Barracks. Under three pyramids here are interred
the remams of Major Dade and his one hundred and seven
comrades, who were massacred by the Indians when on their
waytothe WithlacoocheeRnerto join General Clinch. The.se
were sent from Fort Brooke, at Tampa, to reinforce General
Clinch, and on the 28th of December, 1835, were attacked
by eight hundred Indians in ambush. At the first fire more
than half the soldiers were killed or wounded, but the remain-
der returned the fire, and a small six-pounder cannon was
used with some effect until the artillerymen were all killed
or wounded. The Indians then showed themselves, leaving
their ambush and thus disclosing their numbers, of whom
one lumdred were mounted. The fight was kept up for an
hour, when the Indians slackened their fire, and the soldiers
felled trees and erected a triangular fortress as a protection.
The respite, however, was temporal}-. The Indians again
rushed on with whoop and yell to complete the fearful
butchery, and a desperate hand to hand conflict w^s main-
tained, until all but three of the soldiers were killed or
wounded. These three managed to escape and tell the
32
bloomfiei.d's historical guide.
sad tale. During the conflict the soldiers used their bayo-
nets and clubbed their muskets, and the Indians made use
of their knives and tomahawks.
After the battle the wounded were killed and scalped, and
the victors danced a war dance over the battle-ground, and
at length left the field of carnage with the dead unburied,
lying in the postures in which they had fallen.
A dog belonging to Captain Gardner escaped and re-
turned to Tampa, giving at that place the first intimation of
the bloody work that had been perpetrated. When fresh
troops arrived on the scene, they beheld their dead com-
rades lying where they had fallen, with the stern expression
of battle still on their faces, which were turned in the direc-
tion of the quarter from which their savage foes had attacked
them. They were buried on the battle-field, and the six-
pounder cannon was placed upright in the ground to mark
the spot. Their remains were afterwards removed to this
place.
In the old Spanish graveyard, situated on Tolomato
Street, just north of the Ball orange grove, you will find
some very queer and antique-looking tombs. It is forbidden
by the city to bury any one in this old cemetery unless the
parties have a vault. This cemetery is one of the most
historic spots in or about St. Augustine.
"In 1592 twelve Franciscan missionaries arrived at St.
Augustine, with their Superior, Fray Jean de Silva, and placed
themselves under the charge of Father Francis Manon, War-
den of the Convent of St. Helena. One of these, a Mexican,
Father Francis Panja, drew up in the language of the Yemas-
sees his abridgment of Christian Doctrine, said to be the first
work compiled in any of our Indian languages.
•i
ST. AUGUSTINE.
33
" The Franciscan Father Corpa established a mission
home for the Indians at Tolomato, in the northwest portion
of the city of St. Augustine, where there was an Indian vil-
lage. Father Bias de Rodriques, also called Montes, had
an Indian church at the village of the Indians called Ta-
poqui, situated on the creek called Cano de la Leche, north
of the fort. Upon this site is now the new Catholic ceme-
tery. It is just outside of the City Gates, and is reached by
way of the Shell Road. The walls of the chapel are modern.
The same was destroyed a few years ago by a severe north-
easter, and the church, bearing the name of * Our Lady of
the Milk,' was situated on the elevated ground, a quarter
of a mile north of the fort, near the creek. A stone church
existed at this locality as late as 1795, and the crucifix be-
longing to it is preserved in the Roman Catholic church at
St. Augustine. These missions apparently were attended
with considerable success, large numbers of the Indians
being received and instructed both at this and other mis-
sions.
** Among the converts at the mission of Tolomato was the
son of the Cacique, of the province of Guale, a proud and
high-spirited young leader, who by no means submitted to
the requirements of his spiritual father, but indulged in ex-
cesses which scandalized his profession. Father Corpa,
after try'ing private remonstrances and warnings in vain,
thought it necessary to administer to him a public rebuke.
This aroused the pride of the young chief, and he suddenly left
the mission, determined upon revenge. He gathered from the
interior a band of warriors, whom he inspired with his own ha-
tred against the missionaries. Returning to Tolomato with his
followers, urider cover of the night, he crept up to the mission
3
34
bloomfield's historical guide.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
I !
house, burst open the chapel doors, slew the devoted Father
Corpa while at prayers, then severed his head from his body,
set it upon a pike-stafif, and threw his body out into the
forest, where it could never afterwards be found. The scene
of this tragedy was in the neighborhood of the present Ro^
man Catholic cemetery of St. Augustine.
"As soon as this occurrence became known in the Indian
village all was excitement, someof the most devoted bewailing
the death of their spiritual father, while others dreaded the
consequences of so rash an act, and shrank with terror from
the vengeance of the Spaniards, which they foresaw would
soon follow. The youngchief of Gaule gathered them around
him, and in earnest tones addressed them. ' Yes,' said he, ' the
Friar is dead. It would not have been had he allowed us to live
as we did before we became Christians. We desire to return
to our ancient customs, and we must provide for our defence
against the punishment which will be hurled upon us by the
governor of Florida, which, if it be allowed to reach us, will
be as rigorous for this single friar as if we killed them all.' For
the same power which we possess to destroy one priest we have
to destroy them all.' His followers approved of what had been
done, and said there was no doubt but what the same ven-
geance would fall upon them for the death of one as forall. He
then resumed: ' Since we shall receive equal punishment for
the death of this one as though we had killed them all, let us
regain the liberty of which these Friars have robbed us, with
their promises of good things, which we have not yet seen,
but which they seek to keep us in hope of while they accu-
mulate on us, who are called Christians, injuries and disgust,
makmg us quit our wives, restricting us to one only, and
prohibiting us from changing her. They prevent us from
35
having our balls, banquets, feast celebrations, games, and
contests, so that being deprived of them we lose our ancient
valor and skill, which we inherited from our ancestors. Al-
though they oppress us with labor, refusing to grant even a
respite of a few days, and although we are disposed to do
all they require from us, they are not satisfied ; but for every-
thing they reprimand us, injuriously treat us, oppress us,
lecture us, call us bad Christians, and deprive us of all the
pleasures, the which our fathers enjoyed, in the hope that
they would give us heaven, by their subjecting us and hold-
ing us under their absolute control ; and what have we to
hope except to be made slaves ? If we now put them all to
death, we shall destroy these excrescences, and force the gov-
ernor to treat us well.' The majority were carried away by
this address, and rang out the war-cry of death and defiance.
While still eager for blood their chief led them to the In-
dian town of Tapoqui, the mission of Father Montes, on
Cano de la Leche. Tumultuously rushing in they informed
the missionary of the fate of Father Corpa, and that they
sought his own life and those of all his order, and then with
uplifted weapons bade him prepare to die. He reasoned
and remonstrated with them, portraying the folly and wick-
edness of their intentions; that the vengeance of the Span-
iards would surely overtake them, and implored them with
tears that for their own sake rather than his they would
pause in their mad designs. But all in vain. They were
alike insensible to his eloquence and his tears, and pressed
forward to surround him. Finding all else in vain, he begged
as a last favor that he should be permitted to celebrate mass
before he died. In this he was probably actuated in part
by the hope that their fierce hatred might be assuaged by
36
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
the sight of the ceremonies of their faith, or that the delay
might afford time for succor from the adjoining garrison
The permission was given, and then for the last time the
worthy Father put on his robes of sacrifice. The wild and
savage crowd, thirsting for his blood, reclined upon the floor
and looked on in sullen silence, awaiting the conclusion of
the rites. The priest alone, standing before the altar, pro-
ceeded with this most sad and solemn mass, then cast his
eyes to heaven and knelt in private supplication, when the
next moment he fell under the blows of his most cruel foes,
bespattering the altar, at which he ministered, with his own
life's blood. His crushed remains were thrown into the
fields, that they might serve for the fowls of the air or the
beasts of the forest, but not one would approach it except a
dog, which, rushing forward to lay hold of the body, fell
dead upon the spot, says the ancient chronicle, and an old
Christian Indian, recognizing it, gave it sepulture in the
forest. From thence the ferocious young chief of Gaule led
his followers against several other missions in other parts
of the country, which he attacked and destroyed, together
with the attendant clergy. Thus upon the soil of the ancient
city was shed the blood of Christian martyrs, who were
laboring with a zeal well worthy of emulation, to carry the
truths of religion to the native tribes of Florida. Two hun-
dred and fifty years have passed since these scenes were
enacted, but we cannot even now repress a tear of sympathy
and a feeling of admiration for those self-denying mission-
aries of the cross, who sealed their fate with their blood,
and fell victims to their energy and devotion. The specta-
cle of the dying priest, struck down at the altar, attired in
his sacred vestments and perhaps imploring pardon upon
ST. AUGUSTINE.
37
his murderers, cannot fail to call up in the hearts of the most
insensible something more than a passing emotion."*
The Huguenot Cemetery is located just outside the City
Gates, and on the west side of the Shell Road,
THE ANCIENT GATEWAY,
Commonly called the City Gates, is located directly north
of St. George Street, and west of Fort Marion, being al-
most parallel with the fort. It is flanked by two square
pillars with Moorish tops. On each side a dry ditch
Fig. 4.
THK OLD CITY GATE AT ST. AUGC8TIXE, FLORIDA.
and the remains of a wall. It is a picturesque and imposing
structure. The supposition is that a wall extended around
the whole city, but it is doubtful ; 'tis more likely that Orange
Street may have been barricaded by logs and earth ; never-
theless, we will quote what the Whitney Pathfinder thinks
about the
* Fairbanks's History and Antiquities of St. Augustine,
\\
INTENTIONAL SEC(AD EXPOSURE
36
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
the sight of the ceremonies of their faith, or that the delay
might afford time for succor from the adjoining garrison
The permission was given, and then for the last time the
worthy Father put on his robes of sacrifice. The wild and
savage crowd, thirsting for his blood, reclined upon the floor
and looked on in sullen silence, awaiting the conclusion of
the rites. The priest alone, standing before the altar, pro-
ceeded with this most sad and solemn mass, then cast his
eyes to heaven and knelt in private supplication, when the
next moment he fell under the blows of his most cruel foes,
bespattering the altar, at which he ministered, with his own
life's blood. His crushed remains were thrown into the
fields, that they might serve for the fowls of the air or the
beasts of the forest, but not one would approach it except a
dog, which, rushing forward to lay hold of the body, fell
dead upon the spot, says the ancient chronicle, and an old
Christian Indian, recognizing it, gave it sepulture in the
forest. From thence the ferocious young chief of Gaule led
his followers against several other missions in other parts
of the country, which he attacked and destroyed, together
with the attendant clergy. Thus upon the soil of the ancient
city was shed the blood of Christian martyrs, who were
laboring with a zeal well worthy of emulation, to carry the
truths of religion to the native tribes of Florida. Two hun-
dred and fifty years have passed since these scenes were
enacted, but we cannot even now repress a tear of sympathy
and a feeling of admiration for those self-denying mission-
aries of the cross, who sealed their fate with their blood,
and fell victims to their energy and devotion. The specta-
cle of the dying priest, struck down at the altar, attired in
his sacred vestments and perhaps imploring pardon upon
ST. AUGUSTINE.
37
his murderers, cannot fail to call up in the hearts of the most
insensible something more than a passing emotion."*
The Huguenot Cemetery is located just outside the City
Gates, and on the west side of the Shell Road.
THE ANCIENT GATEWAY,
Commonly called the City Gates, is located directly north
of St. George Street, and west of Fort Marion, being al-
most parallel with the fort. It is flanked by two square
pillars with Moorish tops. On each side a dry ditch
Fig. 4.
THK OLI> CITY GATE AT ST, ALGL'STIXE, FLORIDA.
and the remains of a wall. It is a picturesque and imposing
structure. The supposition is that a wall extended around
the whole city, but it is doubtful ; 'tis more likely that Orange
Street may have been barricaded by logs and earth ; never-
theless, we will quote what the Whitney PatJifinder thinks
about the
*■ Fairbanks's History and Antii|uilicb of St. Augustine.
38
BLOOMFIELD S HISTORICAL GUIDE.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
39
; I
TO\^N WALL..
Whether this wall was composed of the same material as
the old fort, or was merely a rough stockade of pine logs, is
a matter of conjecture. If a stone wall ever existed, it
probably now forms a part of some of the old structures in
the city. However, this wall or stockade is supposed to
have been built some two hundred years ago. The north
end portion of this wall was situated on the south bank of the
ditch, and extended west to the St. Sebastian River, where
it ended in a bastion, of which at present time, with the ex-
ception of the sand elevation, no trace remains.
The ditch, at the present day, is quite visible, and at one
time it connected the moat-water around the fort with the
St. Sebastian River; but during the late war all evidence of
this connection was destroyed by the construction of the
northwest fort embankment.
In 1 87 1, there existed on the corner of Tolomato and
King Streets, a lunette, constructed of coquina stone, from
twelve to fifteen feet high, and though it was to visitors an
object of attraction nearly equal to that of the City Gates, it
was removed for personal benefit and chronicled as a city
improvement.
We will now take the reader to that grand old structure,
FORT MARION.
Standing at the northeastern end of the town, its site was
most excellently chosen for the protection of the city in those
days, being that its guns command the whole harbor and
inlet from the sea, as also the whole peninsula, to the south,
north, and west, upon which St. Augustine is built. It is
considered a fine specimen of militar>^ architecture, having
s
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as
been constructed on the principles laid down by the famous
engineer Vauban.
INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE
1'
38
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
TOWN WALL.
Whether this wall was composed of the same material as
the old fort, or was merely a rough stockade of pine logs, is
a matter of conjecture. If a stone wall ever existed, it
probably now forms a part of some of the old structures in
the city. However, this wall or stockade is supposed to
have been built some two hundred years ago. The north
end portion of this wall was situated on the south bank of the
ditch, and extended west to the St. Sebastian River, where
it ended in a bastion, of which at present time, with the ex-
ception of the sand elevation, no trace remains.
The ditch, at the present day, is quite visible, and at one
time it connected the moat-water around the fort with the
St. Sebastian River; but during the late war all evidence of
this connection was destroyed by the construction of the
northwest fort embankment.
In 1S71, there existed on the corner of Tolomato and
King Streets, a lunette, constructed of coquina stone, from
twelve to fifteen feet high, and though it was to visitors an
object of attraction nearly equal to that of the City Gates, it
was removed for personal benefit and chronicled as a city
improvement.
We will now take the reader to that grand old structure,
FORT MARION.
Standing at the northeastern end of the town, its site was
most excellently chosen for the protection of the city in those
days, being that its guns command the whole harbor and
inlet from the sea, as also the whole peninsula, to the south,
north, and west, upon which St. Augustine is built. It is
ST. AUGUSTINE.
39
considered a fine specimen of military^ architecture, having
^ ^m
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<
>
o
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been constructed on the principles laid down by the famous
engineer Vauban.
I
40
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
The walls arc tw&nty-one feet high, with bastions at each
corner ; the whole structure being in the form of a trapezium,
and inclosing an area about sixty yards square. It was
begun in 1696 and completed in 1756, being the oldest
fortification in the United States. Its first name was *' San
Juan de Pinos," afterwards changed to " San Marco," and
upon the change of flags in 1 821 to its present name. In
1879, ^ petition was sent to Congress to change the name of
the old fort to " San Marco," which sounds much more roman-
tic than " Marion ; " but this was refused ; the reason being that
all our forts are named after some great general, and they
could make no exception in this case. The fort is built of
coquina. The Appalachian Indians were employed upon it
for more than sixty years, and to their efforts are probably due
the immense labor in the construction of the ditch, the ram-
parts, the glacis, and the approaches. It undoubtedly required
many hundred persons for many years to procure and cut
the stone from the quarries of Anastasia Island. During the
works of extension and repairs effected by Monteano, previ-
ous to the siege by Oglethorpe, he employed upon it one
hundred and forty Mexican convicts. It is hard to say how
much money it took to build the fort ; 'tis said that the King
of Spain, in one of his letters to the Governor of St. Augus-
tine, had written that " it almost cost its weight in gold, and
that a few such forts would ruin his kingdom."
The fort occupies about four acres of ground, and mounts
one hundred guns, requiring a garrison of one thousand
men ; although larger numbers have, on several occasions,
been stationed within its walls. The main entrance was by
a drawbridge.* Over the doorway of the entrance is sculp-
* Now removed, a stationary one taking its place.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
41
tured, on a block of stone, the Spanish coat of arms, sur-
mounted by the globe and cross, with a Maltese cross and
lamb beneath.
Immediately under the arms is this inscription :
REYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SENN DON FERNANDO SEXTO Y SIENDO GOVR Y
CAPN DE ESA CO SAN AUGN DE LA FLORIDA Y SUS PROVA EL MARISCAL DE
CAMPO DN ALONSO FERNDO HERADA AST CONCLUIO ESTE CASTILLO EL AN
OD 1756 DRIENDO LAS OBRAS EL CAP. INGN^O DN PEDRO DE BROZAS Y
GARAY.
TRANSLATION.
Don Ferdinand the VI, being King of Spain, and the Field Marshal Don
Alonzo Fernando Hereda, being Governor and Captain General of this place.
St Augustine of Florida, and its province, this Fort was finished in the year
1756. The works were directed by the Captain Engineer, Don Pedro de
Brozas y Garay.
On entering you find yourself in the court or parade-
ground, one hundred feet square. Inside there are twenty-
seven casemates, thirty-five feet long and eighteen feet wide.
In former times, during the Indian wars, and in cases of at-
tack by sea, the citizens would flock to this stronghold, and
take up their abode in these bomb-proofs. The casemate in
front of the sally-port has on each side, as you enter it, a niche
that was used for holy water vessels, and at the end is an altar ;
above the altar is a niche, where was at one time an image of
some saint or martyr of the early Church. This was the chapel
where service was held. In another bomb-proof is a raised
platform ; this is supposed to have been the judgment hall,
where court-martial was held. In a neighboring casemate
is an opening, which was cut for the purpose of discovering
an underground passage, which was supposed to connect the
4^
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
Cathedral and the fort. Under the northeast bastion we find
a dark, gloomy dungeon, twenty feet long, six feet wide, and
nearly five feet high, where not a ray of light can penetrate.
This was once built up, and cut off from all communication
with the rest of the fort.
In 1836 the terreplein of the northwest bastion fell in, re-
vealing a dark and dismal dungeon. We have heard from
the lips of a reliable person, still a resident of St. Augustine,
and who was present at the time of the above accident to
the fort, of the following facts: " I stood upon the edge and
looked down into this dungeon, and there saw the complete
skeleton of a human being, lying at full length, apparently
on its back ; the arms were extended from the body and the
skeleton fingers were wide open ; there appeared to be a
gold ring upon one of the fingers. Encircling the wfists
were iron bands, attached to which were chains fastened to
a hasp in the coquina wall, near the entrance to the dun-
geon."
The military engineer having charge of the repairs of the
fort and sea-wall, descended into this dungeon, when his
curiosity was excited by the discovery, to the northeast, of
a broad stone, differing greatly in dimensions and appear-
ance from those of which the wall was built. He noticed,
moreover, that the Gement which held this stone in its place
differed in composition and appeared to be more recent.
On the removal of this stone, the present dark and dismal
dungeon was disclosed. On entering with lights there were
found at the west end, two iron cages suspended from hasps
in the wall. One of the cages had partially fallen down
from rust and decay, and human bones lay scattered on the
floor. The other remained in its position, holding a pile of
ST. AUGUSTINE.
43
human bones. The latter cage and contents may be s^en
in the Smithsonian Institute at Washington.
This stone was removed by the assistance of Mr. John
Capo (now deceased), an honest old harbor pilot and mason ;
we have his statement, made personally to us, confirming
the finding of the two cages containing the skeletons, as pre-
sented in this sketch.
From a lecture delivered at the fort by J. Hume Simons,
M.D., and afterward published in the Florida Press, we
quote :
" The broken cage, with all the bones, except those which
I hold in my hand, were buried in the sand-mound to the
north of the fort. I recognize these as portions of the tibia
and fibula (or leg bones) of a female."*
The following letter and item we quote from Edwards's
Guide of East Florida :
" The story of the finding of iron cages inclosing human
skeletons must lose its horrible interest when the following
letter is read. It is an answer to one of mine of inquiry on
the subject."
John L. Edwards, Jacksonville, Florida.
Sir: In reply to your lett-r of July 20th, we have to say that no objects
such as those said to have been found in the dungeon of the old fort at St.
Augustine have ever been received by us, although we are aware that the
impression is otherwise. Truly yours, etc.,
Joseph Henry,
SccreUry Smithsonian Institute.
The following we quote from Dewhurst's excellent His-
tory of St. Augustine, ^\^xz\i is undoubtedly the true story
of the cages and skeletons.
* Whitney's Pathfinder.
Smithsonian iNSTiTirTB.
((
I!
ii
44
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
" At the time the Americans took possession of the fort,
they found the last casemate, fronting on the court, on the
east side, filled with the coquina floor of the terreplein, which
had fallen in, as the timbers supporting it had rotted. Nat-
urally this half-filled casemate had become the place of de-
posit for all rubbish accumulated upon any part of the works.
In the course of repairs, the rubbish was cleared out of the
casemate, and the entrance into the adjoining cell exposed.
Entering this cell, and examining the masonry for antici-
pated repairs, the engineer in charge, said to be Lieutenant
Tuttle, U. S. A., discovered a newness of appearance about
a small portion of the masonry of tne north wall. Under
his instruction a mason cut out this newer stonework, and
found that the small arch under which those who now enter
the * dungeon * crawl, had been walled up Near the
entrance were the remains of a fire, the ashes and bits of
pine wood burned off toward the centre of the pile in which
they had been consumed. Upon the side of the cell was a
rusty staple, with about three links of chain attached thereto.
Near the wall on the west side of the cell were a few bones.
Finding these very rotten, and crumbling to pieces under
his touch, the engineer spread his handkerchief upon the
floor, and brushed very gently the few fragments of bones
into it. These were shown to the surgeon then stationed at
the post, who said they might be human bones, but were so
badly crumbled and decayed he could not determine defi-
nitely. Nothing else was found in the cell.*
"The iron cages which have been described as a part of the
* The finding of any bones is denied by Major W. H. Benham, U. S. A.,
on the authority of a Mr. Ridgely, Lieutenant Tuttle's overseer. Major Ben-
ham took charge of the work upon the fort in January, 1839.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
45
fixtures of this terrible dungeon, and which, it has been said,
contained human bones, appear upon the testimony of old
inhabitants, to have been found outside the City Gates en-
tirely empty. . . . The cages are described as having had
much the shape of a coffin ; and the tradition is that a human
being had been placed in each, the solid bands of iron riveted
about his body, and after life had been extinguished by the
horrible torture of starvation, cages and corpses had been
buried in the 'scrub,' then covering the ground north of
the gates.
" Doubtless these cages were used for the punishment of
criminals condemned for some heinous crime ; but whether
they were introduced by the Spanish or English is un-
known."
You have now perused Dewhurst's and Whitney's cage
stories. The following has been related by an old citizen, who
distinctly remembers that when a child, of from eleven to
thirteen years old, there was a tree situated just inside and
close to the City Gates, from which was suspended an iron
cage; 'twas just high enough for a man to kneel or lie in.
This cage contained a man, and suspended above him, just
beyond his reach, was a glass of water and a piece of bread,
to make the pangs of hunger, from which he suffered, more
keen. At the expiration of a few days, his tortures had
made him a maniac, and his shrieks, that pierced the air,
were something horrible. The person who related the tale
is ninety-one years old, which makes this event to have
happened about eighty years ago, during Spanish rule in
St. Augustine.
The southwest casemate near the well is the one from
fi
1
46
bloomfield's historical guide.
\
which Coa-cou-che, the distinguished Seminole chieftain,
made his notable escape in the first Seminole war. This
Indian, also called " Wild Cat," was the youngest Jibn of
Philip, a great chief among the Seminoles. He was a man
of great courage, of an adventurous disposition and savage
nature, lacking the intellectual abilities of Osceola, but pos-
sessing great influence among his nation. Like most of the
young chiefs he was bitterly opposed to the execution of the
treaty signed by the older chiefs, by which the Seminoles
agreed to remove west of the Mississippi. At an interview
immediately before the breaking out of hostilities, Colonel
Harney observed to him that unless the Seminoles removed
according to the treaty the whites would exterminate them.
To this Coa-cou-che replied that Iste-chatte (the Indian)
did not understand that word. The Great Spirit, he knew,
might exterminate them, but the pale-faces could not, else,
why had they not done it before? During the war the
young chief was captured and placed under guard in Fortf
Marion. It is reported that he was first confined in one of
the close cells, and in order to be removed to k casemate,
which had an embrasure through which he had planned to
escape, he complained of the dampness in the cell and feigned
sickness. There were at that time quite a number of In-
dians confined in the fort, and unless they showed themselves
querulous and dangerous they were allowed the freedom of
the court during the day, and confined at night in the sev-
eral casemates. It is probable that Coa-cou-che chose the
casemate in the southwest bastion, from which to make his
escape, because of a platform which is in the casemate. This
platform is raised some five feet from the floor and built of
masonry, directly under the embrasure through which he
ST. AUGUSTINE.
47
escaped. This opening had been constructed high up in
the outer wall of the casemate, to admit light and air. It is
thirteen feet above the floor, and eight feet above the plat-
form, which had probably been constructed for the conve-
nience of the judges, who doubtless used this casemate for
a judgment-room. The aperture is about two feet high by
nine inches wide, and some eighteen feet above the level of
the ground, at the foot of the wall within the moat. It is
said that as he took his airing upon the terreplein, the even-
ing before his escape, Coa-cou-che lingered longer than
usual, gazing far out into the west as the sun went down,
probably thinking that ere another sunset he would be be-
yond the limit of his farthest vision, enjoying the freedom
of his native forests.
That night he squeezed his body, said to have been atten-
uated by voluntary abstinence from food, through the embra-
sure in the wall, and silently dropped into the moat at the foot
of the bastion. The moat was dry, and the station of every
guard well known to the Indian, so that escape was no longer
difficult. Coa-cou-che immediately joined his nation, but
was afterwards captured and sent West. He was recalled
by General Worth, and used to secure the submission of h^
tribe. General Worth declared to him, that if his people
were not at Tampa on a certain day, he would hang from
the yard of the vessel on which he had returned and was
then confined. This message he was ordered to send to his
people by Indian runners, furnished by the General. He
was directed to deliver to the messengers twenty twigs, one
for each day, and to make it known to his people that when
the last twig in the hands of the messengers was broken,
so would the cords which bound his lif« be snapped asunder,
48
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
unless they were all at the General's camp, prepared to de-
part to the reservation provided for them at the West. The
struggle in the mind of Coa-cou-che was severe, but his
love for life was strong. He sent by the messengers his en-
treaties that his people should appear at the time and place
designated, and take up their abode in the prairies of the
West Desiring to impress upon his people that this was
the will of the Great Spirit, with consummate policy he di-
rected the messengers to relate to them this, — Coa-cou-
che's dream :*
" The day and manner of my death are given out, so that
whatever I may encounter I fear nothing. The spirits of the
Seminoles protect me, and the spirit of my twin sister, who
died many years ago, watches over me ; when I am laid in
the eartli I shall go to live with her. She died suddenly.
I was out hunting, and when seated by my campfire alone,
I heard a strange voice, — a voice that told me to go to her.
The camp was some distance off, but I took my wife and
started. The night was dark and gloomy ; the wolves howled
about me. I went from hammock to hammock ; sounds came
oftener to my ear. I thought she was speaking to me. At
daylight I reached the camp, but she was dead. I sat down
alone, under the long gray moss of the trees, when I heard
strange sounds again. I felt myself moving, and went along
into a new country, where all was bright and beautiful. I
saw clear water, ponds, rivers and prairies, upon which the
sun never set. All was green; the grass grew high, and the
deer stood in the midst looking at me. I then saw a small
white cloud approaching, and when just before me, out of
* Dewhurst's St. Augustine.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
49
it came my twin-sister, dressed in white, and covered with
bright silver ornaments. Her long black hair, which I had
often braided, fell down upon her back; she clasped me
around the neck, and said, 'Coa-cou-che! Coa-cou-che!'
I shook with fear. I knew her voice, but could not speak.
With one hand she gave me a string of white beads, in the
other she held a cup sparkling with pure water; as I drank
she sang the peace song of the Seminoles, and danced around
me ; she had silver bells around her feet, which made a loud
sweet noise. Taking from her bosom something she laid it
before me, when a bright blaze streamed above us ; she took
me by the hand and said, 'All is peace.' I wanted to ask
for others, but she shook her head, stepped into the cloud,
and was gone. All was silent. I felt myself sinking until
I reached the ground, where I met my brother Chilka."*
Coa-cou-che's appeal was successful. The messengers
returned with the whole remnant of the tribe, three days
before the expiration of the time. They all embarked, and
took up their residence on the prairies, "where the sun never
sets and the grass grows high." It was not a field in which
Coa-cou-che could distinguish himself, and from this time
his name was never heard, except in connection with his
past exploits in Florida.
We will now continue our way through the fort. Ascend-
ing a broad stairway of two flights, we reach the top or
parapet of the fort, from which can be obtained a superb
view of the channel and ocean beyond. On this battlement
was formerly mounted heavy guns. On the corner of each
bastion there was a circular tower; one of these has recently
* Sprague's History of the Seminole War.
4
I
I
si
It-
50
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
fallen. On the northern portion of the parapet stood a
wooden building, now removed, in which the Indians were
confined. These Indians, of the Comanche, Cheyenne,
Arapahoe, and Kiowa tribes, who having been selected as
among the worst specimens of the wild, cruel savages of
the far West, were brought here in May, 1875, from Fort
Sill ; among them were several noted chiefs. They came
in charge of Captain R. H. Pratt, through whose kind treat-
ment, combined with the aid of several charitable ladies,
what were when they came here the most savage of their
kind, left here in 1878, thoroughly civilized, and many of
them able to read and write. The letter which we quote
from Edwards s Guide of East Florida explains what became
of them.
Office of Assistant Quartermaster,
St. Augustine, Florida, September 27th, 1880.
Mr, John L. Edwards, Jacksonville, Fla.
Sir: The commanding officer has directed me to acknowledge receipt of
your note of the 21st instant, and to say in answer thereto that "Medicine
Water" and all other Indians at one time confined in Fort Marion, were re-
leased by order of the War Department in May, 1878, and turned over to the
Interior Department, by which the older ones were sent to Fort Sill, Indian
Territor}'. The younger ones were sent to the " Hampton Normal Institute,"
Hampton, Virginia, to be educated and taught different trades, which proved
to be a very successful experiment. All but seven of the Indians outlived
their confinement, and left here in perfect health.
Very respectfully,
James R. McAuliff,
2d Lieut. 5th Art'y, Post Adjutant.
The fort sustained a heavy bombardment from the batte-
ries erected on Anastasia Island, by General Oglethorpe, in
1740, but received no injury beyond a few scars on its sea-
front, the marks of which are yet visible. When Sir Fran-
ST. AUGUSTINE.
51
cis Drake made h^s attack on the town in 1586, the present
site of the fort was covered with a wooden entrenchment,
and known by the name of Fort St. John. It was perfectly
deserted when Drake approached. Fourteen brass pieces
were found mounted on the platforms. An iron-bound chest,
containing about i^2000, which was intended for payment to
the men who garrisoned the fort, was taken by Drake. At
this period the town was built of wood, one-half of which
was burned by Drake.
Fig. 6.
FORT MARION AT ST. ADOUSTINE, FLORIDA.
Tn 1665, when Captain Davis, the English pirate, plun-
dered St. Augustine, the fort was constructed of wood, oc-
tagonal in shape. 1702 seems to have been the time when
the name of St. Mark's was applied to the fort.
History says, that on the arrival of Menendez, in 1565,
he immediately constructed a wooden fort, no doubt on the
present site. The moat is protected from the sea by a
stanch battery, about fifteen feet wide and ten feet high at
low tide, which forms a fine promenade, connected with the
ILOKIDA STATF TTPPAp^
i
INTENTIONAL SFXOND EXPOSURE
;o
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
fallen. On the northern portion of the parapet stood a
wooden building, now removed, in which the Indians were
confined. These Indians, of the Comanche, Cheyenne,
Arapahoe, and Kiowa tribes, who having been selected as
among the worst specimens of the wild, cruel savages of
the far West, were brought here in May, 1875, from Fort
Sill ; among them were several noted chiefs. They came
in charge of Captain R. H. Pratt, through whose kind treat-
ment, combined with the aid of several charitable ladies,
what were when they came here the most savage of their
kind, left here in 1878, thoroughly civilized, and many of
them able to read and WTite. The letter which we quote
from Edzvardss Guide of East Florida explains what became
of them.
Office of Assistant Quartermaster,
St. Augustine, Florida, September 27ih, iS8o.
Mr. John L. Edwards, Jacksonville, Fla.
Sir: The commanding officer has directed me to acknowledge receipt of
your note of the 21st instant, and to say in answer thereto that "Medicine
Water" and all other Indians at one time confined in Fort Marion, were re-
leased by order of the War Department in May, 187S, and turned over to the
Interior Department, by which the older ones were sent to Fort Sill, Indian
Territor}". The younger ones were sent to the " Hampton Normal Institute,"
Hampton, Virginia, to be educated and taught different trades, which proved
to be a very successful experiment. All but seven of the Indians outlived
their confinement, and left here in perfect health.
Very respectfully,
James R. McAuliff,
2d Lieut. 5th Art'y, Post Adjutant.
The fort sustained a heavy bombardment from the batte-
ries erected on Anastasia Island, by General Oglethorpe, in
1740, but received no injury beyond a few scars on its sea-
front, the marks of which are yet visible. When Sir Fran-
ST. AUGUSTINE.
5'
cis Drake made h-s attack on the town in 1586, the present
site of the fort was covered with a wooden entrenchment,
and known by the name of Fort St. John. It was perfectly
deserted when Drake approached. Fourteen brass pieces
were found mounted on the platforms. An iron-bound chest,
containing about £2000, which was intended for payment to
the men who garrisoned the fort, was taken by Drake. At
this period the town was built of wood, one-half of which
was burned by Drake.
Fk;. 6. .:
i
FOET MARION AT ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA.
In 1665, when Captain Davis, the F.nglish pirate, plun-
dered St. Augustine, the fort was constructed of wood, oc-
tagonal in shape. 1 702 seems to have been the time when
the name of St. Mark's was applied to the fort. ^
History says, that on the arrival of Menendez, in 1565,
he immediately constructed a wooden fort, no doubt on the
present site. The moat is protected from the sea by a
stanch battery, about fifteen feet wide and ten feet high at
low tide, which forms a fine promenade, connected with the
ITOKTDA STATF TTPPapv
\\\
S2
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
SEA WAIjU
Which is the next object of interest. This was originally
a Spanish structure, the first wall having been built in 1690,
extending to the Plaza; but was rebuilt in 1837, and was six
years in building, and cost one hundred thousand dollars.
It extends from the fort on the Matanzas River to the United
States Barracks south, and is about one mile in length. It
is ten feet above low-water mark, seven feet at the base, and
three feet wide on the top, capped with granite. It forms a
fine promenade, just wide enough for two persons to walk
abreast, and is a favorite resort for lovers or those who are
sentimentally inclined. Near the Plaza and the Barracks
the wall is recessed, and forms a basin, where the fishermen
bring in their boats, and also for a protection to boats dur-
ing gales.
ANASTASIA ISLAND.
Which has been mentioned quite a number of times during
the recital, is well worthy to have a conspicuous place in the
history of St. Augustine, having been more than once the
scene of bloodshed and strife. The island is the natural
breakwater of St. Augustine, is eighteen miles long and
averages about half a mile in width.
In 1586, Sir Francis Drake disembarked at the north end
of the island, crossed the harbor, and pillaged the tov/n.
General Oglethorpe, in 1740, disembarked at the point v:>p-
posite Fort Marion. Here he threw up a sand battery, of
which a trace remains at the present day. In 1760, there
existed on the northeast point of the island a coquina bat-
tery, which the encroachment of the sea has entirely de-
stroyed. " The old Spanish lighthouse stood on the north-
ST. AUGUSTINE.
53
east side of the island ; on Sunday, June 20th, 1880, a storm
washed it away, the water having undermmed it, and noth-
ing but the ruins of this interesting old landmark remam.
When the old lighthouse was built, we have been unable to
discover Under Governor Grant it was raised by a timber
construction, and had a cannon planted on it, which was
fired as soon as the flag was hoisted to notify the inhabitants
and pilots that a vessel was approaching. It had two flag-
staffs one to the north and one to the south, on either of
which the flag was hoisted as the vessel was approaching
from the north or south. It is possible that the old light-
house was constructed in 1693, with the proceeds of $6000
appropriated by the Council of the Indies for building a tower
as a lookout. The Spaniards kept a detachment of troops
stationed there, and the town and adjoining chapel were in-
closed with a high and thick stone wall, pierced with loop-
holes, and having a salient angle to protect the gate."*
About one hundred yards from the ruin of the old, stands
the new lighthouse, a noble structure and one of the finest
on the Atlantic coast. 'Tis worth a visit to the island to see
this splendid building; it is one hundred and sixty- four feet
high; its cost was over one hundred thousand dollars, of
which the lantern alone cost sixteen thousand. It was
erected in 1873. A short distance south are the famous coquina
quarries, of which the fort, city gates, and ancient houses are
built. The stranger upon first seeing the coquina thinks 'tis
artificially formed ; 'tis formed over the whole island, by the
action of the sea-water on the sand and shells. Tis now
but seldom used for building purposes, as it is inclined to
i. '
* Dewhurst's St. Augustine.
* t
l\ ■'.
54
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
hold moisture. Tis an excellent stone for foundation and is
utilized for that purpose. Anastasia Island on the east is
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, west by Matanzas River,
which flows south about eighteen miles and empties into the
ocean. The inlet at Matanzas, by which name the southern
Fig.
FORT MATANZAS.
end of the island is known, has still standing the ruins of
the structure known as Fort Matanzas. From all accounts,
the same was built by the Spaniards directly after the bom-
bardment of Oglethorpe. We quote the following from
ST. AUGUSTINE.
55
Romans's Fiofida: " Twenty miles south of St Augustme is
the lookout, or Fort of Matanzas, on a marshy island, com-
mandin<T the entrance of Matanzas, which lies opposite to it.
This fort is to be seen at about the distance of five leagues.
It is of very little strength, nor need it be otherwise, as there
is scarce eight feet of water on this bar at the best of times.
The Spaniards kept a lieutenant in command here ; the Eng-
lish a sergeant." Matanzas is very sparsely settled ; in the
season there is one hotel open. Tis a favorite place for those
who enjoy fishing, as this sport is carried on most successfully
there. With a fair wind and tide, Matanzas can be reached
from St. Augustine in about three hours.
ORANGE GROVES, ROSE GARDENS, ETC.
St Augustine has a number of very fine groves, in which
are cultivated numerous kinds of tropical fruits, such as figs,
lapan plums, bananas, dates, pomegranates, guava, lime,
lemon, grape fruit, and many others. The finest orange
grove is that of Dr. Anderson, who has about fifteen hundred
fine bearing trees ; this grove is situated on King Street ; the
entrance is on the right-hand side going towards the depot.
From this there is a communicating gate leading to the fine
grove belonging to Mrs. Ball. Though not living so many
trees 'tis very much admired by visitors, on account of the
grou'nds. which are beautifully laid out, a promenade through
the grand orange arches being very enjoyable, while a stroll
through " Lover's Lane " to " Proposing Point" should be
made by all followers of the god Cupid. We venture to re-
mark that the romance of these beautiful surroundings has
brought gladness to the hearts of many a fair maiden and
gentle swain.
INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE
54
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
hold moisture. Tis an excellent stone for foundation and is
utilized for that purpose. Anastasia Island on the east is
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, west by IVIatanzas River,
which flows south about eighteen miles and empties into the
ocean. The inlet at Matanzas, by which name the southern
Fig. 7. I
end of the island is known, has still standing the ruins of
the structure known as Fort Matanzas. From all accounts,
the same was built by the Spaniards directly after the bom-
bardment of Oglethorpe. We quote the following from
ST. AUGUSTINE.
55
Romans's Flofida: " Twenty miles south of St. Augustme is
the lookout, or Fort of Matanzas, on a marshy island, com-
manding the entrance of Matanzas, which lies opposite to it. '
This fori: is to be seen at about the distance of five leagues.
It is of very little strength, nor need it be otherwise, as there
is scarce eight feet of water on this bar at the best of times.
The Spaniards kept a lieutenant in command here ; the Eng-
lish a sergeant." Matanzas is very sparsely settled; in the
season there is one hotel open. Tis a favorite place for those
who enjoy fishing, as this sport is carried on most successfully
there. With a foir wind and tide, Matanzas can be reached
from St. Augustine in about three hours.
ORANGE GROVES, ROSE GARDENS, ETC.
St AucTustine has a number of very fine groves, in which
arc cultivated numerous kinds of tropical fruits, such as figs,
lapan plums, bananas, dates, pomegranates, guava, lime,
lemon, grape fruit, and many others. The finest orange
grove is that of Dr. Anderson, who has about fifteen hundred
fine bearing trees ; this grove is situated on King Street ; the
entrance is on the right-hand side going towards the depot.
From this there is a communicating gate leading to the fine
grove belonging to Mrs. Ball. Though not having so many
trees, 'tis very much admired by visitors, on account of the
grounds, which are beautifully laid out, a promenade through
the grand orange arches being very enjoyable, while a stroll
throu-h - Lover's Lane " to " Proposing Point" should be
made V all followers of the god Cupid. We venture to re-
mark, that the romance of these beautiful surroundings has
brought gladness to the hearts of many a fair maiden and
gentle swain.
\v
1 i
56
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
St. Augustine is famous for its beautiful roses. The rose
garden of Mrs. Reynolds is situated just in the rear of the
Colored Home on Bronson Street. Cut flowers of all kinds
can be obtained there at all times. The flower-gardens of
Mr. H. H. Williams are very attractively situated on the
Shell Road. Mr. Williams is an excellent florist, and shows
great skill and taste in arranging bouquets. About half a
mile north of this are the grounds of Mr. Hildreth, where an
excellent assortment of Florida grasses can be seen; to reach
these places a lovely ride of about twenty minutes can be
taken. The famous rose tree of Mr. Olivero can be seen at
his place on St. George Street near the City Gates. The tree
is fifteen feet high, and twenty-one inches in circumference.
There are numerous other places where beautiful flowers are
cultivated ; in fact nearly every private garden can boast of
its beautiful plants.
NE\^ ST. AUGUSTINE
Is situated west of the San Sebastian River. It has a num-
ber of neat cottages, among the most pretentious of Which
is the elegant residence of Mr. G. Van Dorn. Mr. Bevan
is also commodiously quartered in his neat cottage, sur-
rounded by a lovely orange grove, which contains other rare
and tropical fruits. New St. Augustine is having a boom,
and we predict for it a bright future.
RAVENSWOOD.
The visitor having left the depot, passes over the causeway
and bridge which lead to St. Augustine.
From the bridge looking north, on the left, will be observed
the recently erected dwelling of John F. Whitney, Esq., the
proprietor of the new projected settlement of Ravenswood.
I >
ST. AUGUSTINE.
57
This is the pioneer residence located upon this tract of over
one thousand acres. From its close proximity to St. Augus-
tine and its sloping, dry, and healthful position, it promises
soon to become a favorite location for Northerners desirous
of building-sites and orange groves in the immediate neigh-
borhood of the ancient city.
THE YACHT CLUB
Is one oUhe institutions of St. Augustine, the majority of
its membership being composed of wealthy Northerners who
spend their winters here. The club-house is pleasantly situ-
ated on the bay diagonally opposite the Plaza. The interior
is richly furnished, and nothing is left undone that would
promote the comfort of the members and their guests.
The gala days held here every March, under the auspices of
the club, are considered the great event of the season.
Nothing can be more picturesque or fairy-like than their
illumination night, when every yacht on the bay is gayly lit
with many-colored lanterns. At the receptions of the Yacht
Club are represented some of America's fairest daughters
and bravest sons, and they are undoubtedly the most
recherche events of the season.
HANDSOME WINTER RESIDENCES.
Among the many advancements St. Augustine has made
in the last ten years is the number of elegant winter resi-
dences that have been built, of which the old town has every
reason to be proud. On St. George Street, near St. Francis,
stands the lovely cottage of Mr. J. L. Wilson, of Framing-
ham Mass. On the corner of St. George and Bridge streets
is the winter residence of Mr. R. D. Bronson, of New York.
The residence of Mr. A. J. Alexander, of Kentucky, standson
il
ii
I
f
58
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
the northeast corner of St George and Bridge streets; directly
opposite are the fine grounds and residence of Mr. J. P. How-
ard, of New York ; on thesame side of the street, about half a
square north, can be seen the residence of Holmes Ammi-
down, Esq., of New York, whose grounds are a marvel of
loveliness, and greatly admired by all. On the corner of
King and St. George streets is the winter residence of Colonel
Tyler. The profusion of rare plants, and especially the fine
specimen of the date, render this garden a very attractive spot.
On St. George Street, north of the Plaza, the first fine building
that greets the eye is the elegant and. massive structure of the
Right Reverend Bishop Moore, Bishop of Florida ; this is
undoubtedly the most solid piece of modern architecture in
the city. On the east side of St. George, between Cuna and
St. Hypolita streets, is the beautiful villa of George Lorillard,
Esq., of New York ; 'tis quite an ornament to the city. Out-
side the City Gates, on the west s'ldQ, is the fine residence of •
H. P. Kingsland, Esq., of New York; this residence has a
fine orange grove attached to it. Coming from the depot,
on King Street, directly under where the pride of India trees
spread their branches, is the commodious residence of Mr.
Gilbert. Immediatety opposite is Dr. A. Anderson's resi-
dence, who is also the fortunate possessor of the finest orange
grove in the city. The entrance to Mrs. Ball's residence is on
Tolomato Street, and is one of the finest constructed houses
in the State. On the bay facing the Sea-wall at the corner of
Treasury Street, is the handsome coquina residence of Mr. D.
Edgar, of New York. South of the Plaza stands the resi-
dence of Mr. Aspinwall, of New York, and just below is the
residence of Miss Worth, daughter of General Worth, of
Mexican War fame.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
59
BATHING, YACHTING, FISHING, AND HUNTING.
In summer, a short sail to the beach, and you can enjoy
the most delightful kind of surf bathing. In wmter, at he
ba h-house on the bay, sea bathing can be enjoyed e.ther hot
or cold, a luxury with which no other place m Flonda can
accommodate you. The yachting facilities - jurpa^se^^
and many points of interest can thus be visited Among
them is a trip to North Beach, or Point Quartell as .t was
formerly called, where shells and sea-beans can be picked
up quite plentifully after a heavy gale. Then a tnp to the
South Beach or Bird's Island, or a vis,t to Fish s Island, a
lovely spot, covered with fine oaks and orange arches a de-
lightL place for a picnic. Sail-boats can be hired by the
lour or day. The steam yacht Maggie also plies regu lady
between the North and South beaches. The captains of the
various boats are all reliable and ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
no fear need be entertained as to their ability to manage
^hei boats. The fishing-grounds around St. Augustine a
too numerous to itemize. You can enjoy various kinds of fi.h-
ng here,-bass, drum, sheepshead, shark, catfish, etc. Good
hunting can be enjoyed a few miles out of town, game of
all kinds being abundant. Generally it is necessary to have
a guide on thL expeditions. Several good guides can be
obtained in St. Augustine. St. Augustine is also noted for
its fine salt-water oysters, clams, stone-crabs, and green tur-
^^^^* COUNTRY DRIVES.
There are some very fin. drives in and about the city,
among which are the following :
1. Magnolia Grove.
2. Red House Branch.
Ill
6o
bloomfield's historical guide.
vJ
3. Hildreth's Farm.
4- Gibbs's Farm. yJ
5. Century Oak. ^
6. Ponce de Leon Spring.
7. Hanson Grove.
8. King's Road.
9. Bridge of Sighs.
10. Long Swamp,
All within five miles of the city,
you to these places.
Any driver can direct
HOTELS AND BOARDING-HOUSES.
St. Augustine Hotel, $4 per day, accommodates 300.
Florida House, $4 per day, accommodates 225.
Magnolia Hotel, $4 per day, accommodates 250.
BOARDING-HOUSES.
The following are private houses, whose terms you can
better obtain on application in person or by postal commu-
nication.
Miss Haztltine, Mrs. J. V. Hernandez, Colonel Tyler,
Mrs. Winslow. Mrs. De Medicis, Mrs. Nelligan. Mrs. Fra-
zier, Mrs. Edwards, Mr. George Greeno, Mrs. Foster, and
Mrs. Byrnes ; besides which there are two restaurants, and
numerous rooms and cottages, that can be rented by' day,
week, month, or season.
HISTORY OP THE MINORCANS.
The following interesting article I quote from Dewhursfs
History of St. Augustine :
ST. AUGUSTINE.
61
■ « The proclamation of Governor Grant, and the accounts
which had gone abroad of the advantages of the provmce,
and the liberal policy adopted by the British in the treat-
ment of colonists, induced some wealthy planters from
the Carolinas to remove to Florida, and several noblemen
of England also solicited grants of land in the provmce.
Among the noblemen who secured grants of land m Florida
were Lords Hawke, Egmont, Grenville and Hillsborough
Sir William Duncan and Dennys Rolle, the father of Lord
RoUe Sir William Duncan was a partner with Dr. Turnbuil
in importing a large number of Europeans for the cultiva-
tion of their lands south of St. Augustine, on the Halifax
River. The persons whom these two gentlemen then induced
to come to Florida are the ancestors of a large majority of
the resident population of St. Augustine at the present day.
In the early accounts of the place I am satisfied that gross
injustice was done to these people in a reckless condemna-
tion of the whole community. I have myself heard their
descendants unreasonably censured and their characters
severely criticised. These unfavorable opinions were doubt-
less generated by the unfortunate position in which these
immigrants found themselves. Friendless in a strange land,
speaking a different language from the remainder of the in-
habitants, and of a different religious belief, it was but natu-
ral that they should mingle but little with the English resi-
dents, especially after they had experienced such unjust
treatment at the hands of one of the most influential of the
principal men in the colony. The reader will understand
the position of these Minorcans and Greeks, and thefee ings
they must have entertained toward the great men of the
colony after reading Romans's account of the hardships they
^1
s
62
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
were forced to undergo, and the difficulty they had in break-
ing their onerous contract. Romans says: 'The situation
of the town or settlement made by Dr. TurnbuU is called
New Smyrna, from the place of the doctor's lady's nativity.
About fifteen hundred people, men, women, and children, were
deluded away from their native country, where they lived at
home in the plentiful cornfields and vineyards of Greece and
Italy, to this place, where, instead of plenty, they found want
in the last degree ; instead of promised fields a dreary wil-
derness; instead of a grateful, fertile soil, a barren, arid sand,
and in addition to their misery were obliged to indent them-
selves, their wives and children, for many years, to a man who
had the most sanguine expectations of transplanting bash-
awship from the Levant. The better to effect his purpose
he granted them a pitiful portion of land for ten years upon
the plan of the feudal system. This being improved and
just rendered fit for cultivation, at the end of that term it
again reverted to the original grantor, and the grantee may,
if he chooses, begin a new state of vassalage for ten years
more. Many were denied even such grants as these, and
were obliged to work at tasks in the field. Their provisions
were, at the best of times, only a quart of maize per day,
and two ounces of pork per week. This might have suf-
ficed with the help of fish, which abounded in this lagoon;
but they were denied the liberty of fishing, and, lest they
should not labor enough, inhuman taskmasters were set over
them, and, instead of allowing each family to do with their
homely fare as they pleased, they were forced to join alto-
gether in one mess, and at the beat of a vile drum to come
to one common copper, from whence their hominy was
ladled out to them. Even this coarse and scanty meal was,
ST. AUGUSTINE.
63
through careless management, rendered still more coarse,
and through the knavery of a providetor and the pilferings
of a hungry cook, still more scanty. Masters of vessels
were forewarned from giving any of them a piece of bread
or meat. Imagine to yourself an African— one of a class
of men whose hearts are generally callous against the softer
feelings— melted with the wants of these wretches, givmg
them a piece of venison, of which he caught what he pleased,
and for this charitable act disgraced, and in course of time
used so severely that the unusual servitude soon released
him to a happier state. Again, behold a man obliged to
whip his own wife for pilfering bread to relieve his helpless
family ; then think of a time when the small allowance was
reduced to half, and see some brave, generous seamen chari-
tably sharing their own allowance with some of these
wretches, the merciful tars suffering abuse for their gener-
osity, and the miserable objects of their ill-timed pity under-
going bodily punishment for satisfying the cravings of a
long-disappointed appetite, and you may form some judg-
ment of the manner in which New Smyrna was settled.
Before I leave this subject I will relate the insurrection to
which those unhappy people at New Smyrna were obliged
to have recourse, and which tjie great ones styled rebel-
'"In the year 1769, at a time when the unparalleled seven-
ties of their taskmasters, particularly one Cutter (who had
been made a justice of the peace, with no other view than to
enable him to execute his barbarities on a larger extent and
with greater appearance of authority), had drove wretches to
despair, they resolved to escape to Havana. To execute
this they broke into the provision stores and seized on 'some
t '.
I)
M
64
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
craft lying in the harbor, but were prevented from taking
others by the care of the masters. Destitute of any man fit
for the important post of leader, their proceedings were all
confused, and an Italian of very bad principles, but of so
much note that he had formerly been admitted to the over-
seer's table, assumed a kind of command, they thought them-
selves secure where they were, and this occasioned a delay
till a detachment of the Ninth Regiment had time to arrive,
to whom they submitted, except one boatful, which escaped
to the Florida Keys, and were taken up by a Providence man.
Many were the victims destined to punishment; as I was one
of the grand jury, which sat fifteen days on this business, I
had an opportunity of canvassing it well, but the accusa-
tions were of so small account that we found only five bills;
one of these was against a man for maiming the abovesaid
Cutter, whom it seems they had pitched upon as the princi-
pal object of their resentment, and curtailed his ear and two
of his fingers; another for shooting a cow, which, being a
capital crime in England, the law making it such was here
extended to this province; the others were against the
leader, and two more for the burglary committed on the pro-
vision store. The distress of the sufferers touched us so
that we almost unanimously wished for some happy circum-
stances that might justify our rejecting all the bills, except-
ing that against the chief, who was a villain. One man was
brought before us three or four times, and, at last, was joined
in one accusation with the person who maimed Cutter ; yet,
no evidence of weight appearing against him, I had an op-
portunity to remark, by the appearance of some faces in
court, that he had been marked, and that the grand jury dis-
appointed the expectations of more than one great man.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
65
Governor Grant pardoned two. and a third was obliged to
be the executioner of the remaining two. On this occasion
I saw one of the most moving scenes I ever experienced;
Ion- and obstinate was the struggle of this man's mind, who
repeatedly called out that he chose to die rather than be the
executioner of his friends in distress; this not a little per-
plexed Mr. Woolridge, the sheriff, till at length the entreat-
ies of the victims themselves put an end to the conflict in
his breast, by encouraging him how to act. Now we be-
held a man thus compelled to mount the ladder, take leave
of his friends in the most moving manner, kissing them the
moment before he committed them to an ignominious death.
Cutter some time after died a lingering death, having ex-
perienced besides his wounds the terrors of a coward in
power overtaken by vengeance.'
" The original agreement made with the immigrants before
leaving the Mediterranean, was much more favorable to
them than Romans described it. At the end of three years
each head of a family was to have fifty acres of land and
twentv-five for each child of his family. This contract was
not adhered to on the part of the proprietors, and it was not
until by the authority of the courts, they had secured their
freedom from the exactions imposed upon them that any
disposition was shown to deed them lands in severalty.
After the suppression of this attempt to escape, these people
continued to cultivate the lands as before, and large crops
of indigo were produced by their labor. Meantime the
hardships and injustice practiced against them continued,
until in 1776, nine years from their landing in Florida, their
number had been reduced by sickness, exposure, and cruel
treatment from fourteen hundred to six hundred. At that
r
5
*
■ ¥
■I
'ir
i
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BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
time it happened that some gentlemen visiting New Smyrna
from St. Augustine were heard to remark that if these peo-
ple knew their rights they never would submit to such
treatment, and that the governor ought to protect them.
This remark was noted by an intelligent boy, who told it to
his mother, upon whom it made such an impression that
she could not cease to think and plan how, in some way,
their condition might be represented to the governor.
Finally, she decided to call a council of the leading men
among her people. They assembled soon after in the night,
and devised a plan of reaching the governor. Three of the
most resolute and dompetent of their number were selected
to make the attempt to reach St. Augustine and lay before
the governor a report of their condition.
" In order to account for their absence they asked to be
given a long task, or an extra amount of work to be done
in a specified time, and if they should complete the work in
advance, the intervening time should be their own to go
down the coast and catch turtle. This was granted them as
a special favor. Having finished their task by the assistance *
of their friends so as to have several days at their disposal,
the three brave men set out along the beach for St. Augus-
tine. The names of these men, most worthy of remem-
brance, were Pellicier, Llambias, and Genopley. Starting at
night, they reached and swam Matanza^ Inlet the next
morning, and arrived at St. Augustine by sundown of the
same day. After inquiry they decided to make a statement
of their case to Mr. Young, the attorney-general of the prov-
ince. No better man could have been selected to represent
the cause of the oppressed. They made known to him their
condition, the terms of their original contract, and the man-
ST. AUGUSTINE.
67
ner in which they had been treated. Mr. Young promised
to present their case to the governor and assured them if
their statements could be proved, the governor would at
once release them from the indentures by which TurnbuU
claimed to control them. He advised them to return to New
Smyrna and bring to St. Augustine all who wished to leave
New Smyrna and the service of Turnbull. * The envoys
returned with the glad tidings that their chains were broken
and that protection awaited them. Turnbull was absent,
but they feared the overseers, whose cruelty they dreaded.
They met in secret and chose for their leader, Mr. Pellicier,
who was head carpenter. The women and children with
the old men were placed in the centre, and the stoutest men,
armed with wooden spears, were placed in front and rear.
In this order they set off, like the children of Israel, from a
place that had proved an Egypt to them. So secretly had
they conducted the transaction, that they proceeded some
miles before the overseer discovered that the place was de-
serted. He rode after the fugitives and overtook them be-
fore they reached St Augustine, and used every exertion to
persuade them to return, but in vain. On the third day they
reached St. Augustine, where provisions were served out to
them by order of the governor. Their case was tried before
the judges, where they were honestly defended by their
friend, the attorney-general. Turnbull could show no cause
for detaining them, and their freedom was fully established.
Lands were offered them at New Smyrna, but they sus-
pected some trick was on foot to get them into TurnbuU's
hands, and besides they detested the place where they had
suffered so much. Lands were therefore assigned them in
the north part of the city, where they have built houses and
^:
H
68
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
cultivated gardens to this day. Some by industry have ac-
quired large estates ; they at this time form a respectable
part of the population of the city.' "
It will be seen by the date of their removal to St. Augus-
tine that the unfavorable comments of Romans and the
Englishman, whose letter he quotes, upon the population of
the town at the cession to Great Britain, could not have
referred to the immigrants who came over under contract
with Turnbull. It will also be seen that Williams speaks
in very complimentary terms of these people and their
descendants. I am pleased to quote from an earlier ac-
count a very favorable, and, as I believe, a very just tribute
to the worth of these Minorcan and Greek settlers and
their children. Forbes, in his sketches, says: "They set-
tled in St. Augustine, where their descendants form a num-
erous, industrious, and virtuous body of people, distinct
alike from the indolent character of the Spaniards, and
the rapacious habits of some of the strangers who have
visited the city since the exchange of flags. In their duties
as small farmers, hunters, fishermen, and other laborious,
but useful, occupations, they contribute more to the real
stability of society than any other class of people. Gener-
ally temperate in their mode of life, and strict in their moral
integrity, they do not yield the palm to the denizens of
the land of steady habits. Crime is almost unknown among
them. Speaking their native tongue, they move about dis-
.tinguished by a primitive simplicity and purity as remarkable
as their speech." Many of the older citizens, now living,
remember the palmetto houses which used to stand in the
northern part of the town, built by the people who came up
from Smyrna. By their frugality and industry the descen-
ST. AUGUSTINE.
69
dants of those who settled at Smyrna have replaced these
palmetto huts with comfortable cottages, and many among
them have acquired considerable wealth, and taken rank
among the most respected and successful citizens of the town.
ST. AUGUSTINE IN 1817.
The following are the impressions of an English visitor,
in 1817:
" Emerging from the solitudes and shades of the pine
forests, we espied the distant, yet distinct, lights of the watch-
towers' of the fortress of St. Augustine, delightful beacons to
my weary pilgrimage. The clock was striking ten as I
reached the foot of the drawbridge ; the sentinels were pass-
ing the a/erto as I demanded an entrance ; having answered
the preliminary questions, the drawbridge was slowly lowered.
The officer of the guard, having received my name and
wishes, sent a compiunication to the governor, who issued
orders for my immediate admission. On opening the gate
the guard was ready to receive me, and a file of men, with
their officer, escorted me to his Excellency, who expressed
his satisfaction at my revisit to Florida. I soon retired to
the luxury of repose, and the following morning was greeted
as an old acquaintance by the members of this little com-
munity. I had arrived at a season of general relaxation, on
the eve of the Carnival, which is celebrated with much gayety
in all Catholic countries. Masks, dominoes, harlequins,
Punchinellos, and a great variety of grotesque disguises, on
horseback, in cars, gigs, and on foot, paraded the streets
with guitars, violins, and other instruments ; and in the even-
ings, the houses were open to receive masks, and balls were
given in every direction. I was told that in their better
f
70
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
days, when their pay was regularly remitted from the Havana,
these amusements were admirably conducted, and the rich
dresses exhibited on these occasions were not eclipsed by
their more fashionable friends in Cuba ; but poverty had les-
sened their spirit for enjoyment, as well as the means for
procuring it; enough, however, remained to amuse an idle
spectator, and I entered with alacrity into their diversions.
About thirty of the hunting warriors of the Seminoles, with
their squaws, had arrived, for the purpose of selling the pro-
duce of the chase, consisting of bear, deer, tiger, and other
skins, bear's grease, and other trifling articles. This savage
race, once the lords of the ascendant, are the most formidable
border enemies of the United States. This party had ar-
rived, after a range of six months, for the purpose of sale
and barter. After trafficking for their commodities, they
were seen at various parts of the town, assembled in small
groups, seated upon their haunches, like monkeys, passing
around their bottles of aqua dente (the rum of Cuba), their
repeated draughts upon which soon exhausted their con-
tentj. They then slept off the effects of intoxication, under
the wall, exposed to the influence of the sun. Their appear-
ance was extremely wretched ; their skins of a dark, dirty,
chocolate color, with long, straight, black hair, over which
they had spread a quantity of bear's grease. In their ears,
and the cartilages of the nose, were inserted rings of silver
and brass, with pendants of various shapes. Their features
prominent and harsh, and their eyes had a wild and fero-
cious expression. A torn blanket, or an ill-fashioned dirty
linen jacket, is the general costume of these Indians ; a
triangular piece of cloth passes around the loins. The
women vary in their apparel by merely wearing short petti-
ST. AUGUSTINE.
71
coats, the original color of which were not distinguish-
able from the various incrustations of dirt. Some of the
young squaws were tolerably agreeable, and if well washed
and dressed would not have been uninteresting ; but the
older squaws wore an air of misery and debasement.
**The garrison is composed of a detachment from the
Royal regiment of Cuba, with some black troops, who to-
gether form a respectable force. The fort and bastions are
built of the same material as the houses of the town, coquina.
This marine substance is superior to stone, but being liable
to splinter from the effects of bombardment ; it receives and
imbeds the shot, which adds rather than detracts from its
strength and security.
" The houses and the rear of the town are intersected and
covered with orange groves ; their golden fruit and deep
green foliage not only render the air agreeable, but beautify
the appearance of this interesting little town ; in the centre
of which (the square) rises a large structure dedicated to the
Catholic religion. At the upper end are the remains of a
very considerable house, the former residence of the gov-
ernor of this settlement ; but now, 18 17, in a state of dilapi-
dation and decay from age and inattention.
** At the southern extremity of the town stands a large
building, formerly a monastery of Carthusian Friars, but now
occupied as a barrack for the troops of the garrison. At a
little distance are four stacks of chimneys, the sole remains
of a beautiful range of barracks, built during the occupancy
of the British, from 1763 to 1783. For three years the 29th
regiment was stationed there, and in that time they did not
lose a single man. The proverbial salubrity of the climate
has obtained for St. Augustine the designation of the Mont-
II
72
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
I
pellier of North America ; indeed, such is the general char-
acter of the Province of East Florida.
*' The governor (Copinger) is about forty-five years of age,
of active and vigorous mind, anxious to promote by every
means in his power the prosperity of the province confided
to his command. His urbanity and other amiable qualities
render him accessible to the meanest individual, and justice
is sure to follow an appeal to his decision. His military
talents are well known, and appreciated by his sovereign ;
and he now holds, in addition to the government of East
Florida, the rank of colonel in the Royal regiment of Cuba.
" The clergy consist of the padre (priest of the parish), Fa-
ther Crosby, a native of Wexford, Ireland ; a Franciscan friar,
the chaplain to the garrison, and an inferior or cure. The
social qualities of the padre, and the general tolerance of
his feelings, render him an acceptable visitor to all his flock.
The judge, treasurer, collector, and notary, are the principal
oflficers of the establishment, besides a number of those de-
voted solely to the military occupations of the garrison.
The whole of this society is extremely courteous to stran-
gers ; they form one family, and those little jealousies and
animosities, so disgraceful to our small English commu-
nities, do not sully their meetings of friendly chit-chat,
called as in Spain, turtulias. The women are deservedly
celebrated for their charms ; their lovely black eyes have a
vast deal of expression ; their complexions are a clear bru-
nette ; much attention is paid to the arrangement of their
hair; at mass they are always well dressed in black silk
basquinas (petticoats), with the little mantilla (black lace
veil) over their heads ; the men in their military costumes ;
good order and temperance are their characteristic virtues;
ST. AUGUSTINE.
73
but the vice of gambling too often profanes their social
haunts, from which even the fair sex are not excjuded. Two
days following our arrival, a ball was given by some of the
inhabitants, to which I was invited. The elder couples
opened it with minuets, succeeded by the younger couples
displaying their handsome light figures in Spanish dances."
ST. AUGUSTINE IN1843-OLD SPANISH CUSTOMS.*
*' At length we emerged upon a shrubby plain, and finally
came in sight of this oldest city of the United States, seated
among its trees on a sandy swell of land, where it has stood
for three hundred years. I was struck with its ancient and^
homely aspect, even at a distance, and could not help liken-
ing it to pictures which I had seen of Dutch towns, though
it wanted a wind-mill or two to make the resemblance per-
fect. We drove into a green square, in the midst of which
was a monument erected to commemorate the Spanish con-
stitution of I8i2, and thence through the narrow streets of
the city to our hotel.
" I have called the streets narrow. In few places are they
wide enough to allow two carriages to pass abreast. I was
told that they were not originally intended for carriages,
and that in the time when the town belonged to Spain, many
of them were floored with an artificial stone, composed of
shells and mortar, which in this climate takes and keeps the
hardness of the rock ; and that no other vehicle than a hand-
barrow was allowed to pass over them. In some places you
see remnaflts of this ancient pavement ; but for the most
part it has been ground into dust un der the wheels o f the
♦ Bryant.
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BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
carts and carriages introduced by the new inhabitants. The
old houses^ built of a kind of stone which is seemingly a
pure concretion of small shells, overhang the streets with
their wooden balconies ; and the gardens between the houses
are fenced on the side of the street with high walls of stone.
Peeping over these walls you see branches of the pome-
granate, and of the orange-tree, now fragrant with 'flowers,
and rising yet higher, the leaning boughs of the fig, with its
broad luxuriant leaves. Occasionally you pass the ruins of
houses, walls of stone with arches and staircases of the
same material, which once belonged to stately dwellings.
You meet in the streets with men of swarthy complexions
and foreign physiognomy, and you hear them speaking to
each other in a strange language. You are told that these
are the remains of those who inhabited the country under
the Spanish dominion, and that the dialect you have heard
is that of the island of Minorca. 'Twelve years ago,' said
an acquaintance of mine, * when I first visited St. Augus-
tine, it was a fine old Spanish town. A large proportion of
the houses which you now see, roofed like barns, were then
flat-roofed ; they were all of shell-rock, and these modern
wooden buildings were not then erected. That old fort
which they are now repairing, to fit it for receiving a garri-
son, was a sort of ruin, for the outworks had partly fallen,
and it stood unoccupied by the military, a venerable monu-
ment of the Spanish dominion. But the orange groves were
the wealth and ornament of St. Augustine, and their pro-
duce maintained the inhabitants in comfort. Orange trees
of the size and height of the pear tree, often rising higher
than the roofs of the houses, embowered the town in per-
petual verdure. They stood so close in the groves that
ST. AUGUSTINE.
75
they excluded the sun, and the atmosphere was at all times
aromatic with their leaves and fruit ; and in ^spring the fra-
grance of the flowers was almost oppressive.'
" The old fort of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion— a
foolish change of name— is a noble work, frowning over the
Matanzas, which flows between St. Augustine and the island
of Anastasia; and it is worth making a long journey to see.
No record remains of its original construction, but it is sup-
posed to have been erected about a hundred and fifty years
since, and the shell-rock of which it is built is dark with
time. We saw where it had been struck with cannon-balls,
which, instead of splitting the rock, became imbedded and
clogged among the loosened fragments of shell. This rock
is, therefore, one of the best materials for fortifications in the
world. We were taken into the ancient prisons of the fort
dungeons, one of which was dimly lighted by a grated win-
dow, and another entirely without light ; and by the flame
of a' torch we were shown the half- obi iterated inscriptions
scrawled on the walls, long ago, by prisoners. But in another
corner of the fort we were taken to look at the secret cells,
which were discovered a few years since in consequence of
the sinking of the earth over a narrow apartment between
them. These cells are deep under ground, vaulted over-
head, and without windows. In one of them a wooden ma-
chine was found, which some supposed might have been a
rack, and in the other a quantity of human bones. The
door's of these cells had been walled up and concealed with
stucco, before the fort passed into the hands of the Americans.
"You cannot be in St. Augustine a day without hearing
some of its inhabitants speak of its agreeable climate. Dur-
ing the sixteen days of my residence here, the weather has
76
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
certainly been as delightful as I could imagine. We have
the temperature of early June as June is known in New-
York. The mornings are sometimes a little sultry; but
after two or three hours a fresh breeze comes in from the
sea, sweeping through the broad piazzas, and breathing in
at the windows. At this season it comes laden with the
fragrance of the flowers of the pride of India, and some-
times of the orange tree, and sometimes brings the scent of
roses, now in bloom. The nights are gratefully cool ; and
I have been told by a person who has lived here many years,
that there are very few nights in summer when you can
sleep without a blanket. An acquaintance of mine, an in-
valid, who has tried various climates, and has kept up a kind
of running fight with death for many years, retreating from
country to country as he pursued, declares to me that the
winter climate of St. Augustine is to be preferred to that of
any part of Europe, even that of Sicily, and that it is better
than the climate of the West Indies. He finds it genial and
equable, at the same time that it is not enfeebling. The
summer heats are prevented from being intense by the sea-
breeze, of which I have spoken.
'* I have looked over the work of Dr. Forry on the cli-
mate of the United States, and have been surprised to see
the uniformity of climate which he ascribes to Key West.
As appears by the observations he has collected, the seasons
at that place glide into each other by the softest gradations;
and the heat never, even in midsummer, reaches that ex-
treme which is felt in the higher latitudes of the American
continent. The climate of Florida is, in fact, an insular cli-
mate ; the Atlantic on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico on
the west, temper the airs that blow over it, making them
ST. AUGUSTINE.
n
cooler in summer and warmer in winter. I do not wonder,
therefore, that it is so much the resort of invalids ; it would
be more so if the softness of its atmosphere and the beauty
and serenity of its seasons were generally known. Nor
should it be supposed that accommodations for persons in
delicate health are wanting ; they are, in fact, becoming
better with every year, as the demand for them increases.
Among the acquaintances whom I have made here, I re-
member many who having come hither for the benefit of
their health, are detained for life by the amenity of the cli-
mate. ' It seems to me,' said an intelligent gentleman of this
class, the other day, * as if I could not exist out of Florida.
When I go to thd North, I feel most sensibly the severe ex-
tremes of the weather; the climate of Charleston itself
appears harsh to me.'
"The negroes of St. Augustine are a good-looking speci-
men of the race, and have the appearance of being very well
treated. You rarely see a negro in ragged clothing, and the
colored children, though slaves, are often dressed with great
neatness. In the colored people whom I saw in the Catholic
church I remarked a more agreeable, open, and gentle phys-
iognomy than I have been accustomed to see in that class.
" Some old customs which the Minorcans brought with them
from their native country are still kept up. On the evening
before Easter Sunday, about eleven o'clock, I heard the sound
of a serenade in the streets. Going out I found a party of
young men with instruments of music grouped about the
window of one of the dwellings, singing a hymn, in honor
of the Virgin, in the Mahonese dialect. They began, as I
am told, with tapping on the shutter. An answering knock
within had told them that their visit was welcome, and they
A
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BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
I
immediately began the serenade. If no reply had been
heard they would have passed on to another dwelling. This
hymn is composed of ten stanzas, and is called the Froma-
jardis,
" Sherivarees are parties of idle people, who dress them-
selves in grotesque masquerade whenever a widow or wid-
ower is married. They often parade about the streets and play
buffoon tricks for two or three days, haunting the residence
of the new-married pair, and disturbing the whole city with
noise and riot.
" The Carnival is a scene of masquerading, which was for-
merly celebrated by the Spanish and Minorcan populations
with much taste and gayety; but since the introduction of
an American population it has, during the whole winter,
been prostituted to cover drunken revels and to pass the
basest objects of society into the abodes of respectable
people, to the great annoyance of the civil part of the com-
munity.
"These and other customs have long since ceased to
exist, and many are already forgotten. One of these was
' shooting the Jews,' originally a religious ceremony, but
afterwards a diversion. For many years it was the custom
to hang ef?igies .at the street corners and upon the Plaza
on the evening of Good Friday. When the bells in the
cathedral, which are never rung during Good Friday, began
on Saturday morning at ten o'clock to ring the Hallelujah,
crowds of men in the streets commenced to shoot with
guns and pistols at the hanging effigies. This was continued
until some unerring marksman severed the cord about the
neck of the image, or perhaps it was riddled and shredded
by the fusilade."
ST. AUGUSTINE.
n
ST. AUGUSTINE DURING THE CIVIL WAR.
. " The naval forces of the United States took possession
of St. Augustine in 1862. Batteries had been mounted at
the fort, and a small garrison of Confederate troops were in
militar>^ occupation of the place, but too few in numbers to
offer any resistance, and the city was surrendered by the
civil authorities upon the demand of Captain Dupont. The
Fourth New Hampshire regiment f^rst garrisoned the city.
The old fort was brushed up and repaired, the earthworks
strengthenea, and barracks built on the platform. Occa-
sionally reconnoitring parties of Confederates approached
the town, and on one occasion a festive party of officers,
who had gone out to Mr. Solana's, near Picolata, to attend
a dance, were captured, with their music and ambulance, by
Captain Dickinson, celebrated for many daring exploits. It
was even believed that this daring partisan had ridden
through the city st night in the guise of a Federal cavalry
officer. On another occasion the commanding officer of the
garrison at St. Augustine was captured, on the road from
Jacksonville, by a Confederate picket. The inhabitants, iso-
lated from all means of obtaining supplies from without the
lines, were reduced to great straits. The only condition
upon which they were allowed to purchase was the accept-
ance of an oath of loyalty. Sympathizing strongly with
the South they were placed in an unfortunate position, and
many doubtless suffered greatly. At one period tho'se of
the citizens who had relatives in the Confederate service were
ordered to leave the city. Then ensued a scene which beg-
gars description. Men, women, and children were huddled
on board a vessel, and, homeless and helpless, were carried
along the coast, and disembarked, shelterless, on the banks
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BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
of the Nassau River, to make their way to food and shelter
as best they could — hardships which hardly seemed called
for by any military necessity. Many of the young men of
the city went into the Confederate service and served through
the war with distinction, but many fell victims on the battle-
field, in the hospitals, or from exposure to the rigorous cli-
mate of Virginia and Tennessee, to which they were unac-
customed.
** To these misfortunes succeeded to all sales and forcible
deprivation of property under the most rigorous construc-
tion of most rigorous laws. The unsettling of titles and the
loss of means have combined to lessen the ability of the
people to do more than try to live, without much effort to
improve their homes and the appearance of the city."*
THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER. "
This magnificent and capacious body of water, character-
ized for its waywardness by the Indians as " We-la-ka,"
meaning that " It has its own way " — flows through East
Florida, almost due northward, for 400 miles, until Jack-
sonville is reached. It then runs directly east into the At-
lantic Ocean. It seems to be formed by the numerous
small streams from the unexplored regions of the Ever-
glades, though its real source is unknown. There are but
few stteams in the world that present a more tropical ap-
pearance along their whole course. We find orange groves
— bitter and sweet — dipping their gold-dappled boughs into
its tepid waters; on its banks rises the stately magnolia,
* Fairbanks's St. Augustine.
ST. AUGUSTINE.
81
in all its pride, steeping the atmosphere in its rich perfume.
The waters of this noble stream are of a dark-blue, and
slightly brackish in taste, as far up as Lake George.
The banks of the St. John's are the principal attraction to
invalids in search of pleasant surroundings. Thousands of
visitors are scattered among its towns and villages every
winter, while some few bring camp equipages and pitch
their tents in the picturesque forests.
The means of access to all points on the river are easy
and comfortable.
Mulberry Grave, on the west bank of the river, 12 miles
from Jacksonville, is the first landing. There is a beautiful
grove here, a very pleasant resort for picnic parties.
Mandarin, Duval County, Florida, 15 miles from Jackson-
ville, on the east bank; post-ofifice; population, 250. A
convent has been recently established here by the Bishop
of Florida, and is now inhabited by the Sisters of Mercy.
Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe resides here ; she has a pleas-
ant cottage, surrounded by 40 acres of land, several of which
are planted with orange trees.
This was once the scene of a dreadful massacre by the
Seminole Indians. Market gardening is extensively engaged
in at this point.
Just beyond this place can be seen the wreck of the Fed-
eral transport " Maple Leaf," destroyed by a torpedo during
the war.
Orange Park, Clay County, Florida, on the west bank of
the river, 1 5 miles from Jacksonville ; post-oflfice.
Hibernia, Clay County, Florida, 23 miles from Jackson-
ville, on the west bank ; post-office. A pleasant and con-
venient resort for invalids.
6
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BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
Magnolia, Clay County, Florida, 28 miles from Jackson-
ville, on west bank ; post-office. This is one of the most
pleasant places on the river, having fine hotel accommo-
dations. It is much frequented by Northerners. Near this
place, to the northward, is Black Creek, which is navigable
for small steamers as far as Middleburg. A pleasant walk
of one mile brings you to
Gree7t Cove Springs, Clay County, Florida, 30 miles from
Jacksonville, on the west bank ; post-office. The principal
attraction here is the fine spring, from which the place de-
rives its name. The waters of this spring are strongly im-
pregnated with sulphur, and have a temperature of about 75
degrees, well adapted for rheumatism and dyspepsia. The
bathing facilities are well arranged. This place boasts of
two fine hotels and a number of boarding-houses.
. Florence, formerly HogartJis Wharf, St. John's County,
Florida, 35 miles from Jacksonville, on the east bank ; post-
office and wood landing.
Picolata, St John's County, Florida, 40 miles fi-om Jack-
sonville, on the east bank ; post-office. This is the site of
an ancient Spanish city, with a fine church and monasteries,
erected two centuries ago by Franciscan friars. All that
remains at this historical point now is a cabin and field
grown up with weeds. This was formerly the landing for
St. Augustine, having been used as such until the comple-
tion of the St. John's Railroad. Opposite Picolata are the
remains of Fort Poppa, erected during the Spanish era.
Tocoi, St. John's County, Florida, 49 miles from Jackson-
ville, on the east bank; post-office. Here connection is
made by the St. John's Railroad with St. Augustine, distant
14 miles.
-'f
ST. JOHN S RIVER.
83
t •
I
Federal Point, Putnam County, Florida, 58 miles from
Jacksonville, on the east bank of the river ; post-office and
wood landing. This place is becoming noted for its choice
fruits. Strawberry culture is an important industry.
Orange Mills, Putnam County, Florida, 63 miles from
Jacksonville, on the east bank ; post-office. Beautiful orange
groves here.
Dance/ s Landing, one mile further south, has one of the
oldest orange groves on the river, the fruit from which is
always sought after.
Oak Villa, on the opposite side of the river ; post-office
and mail-boat landing.
Pilatka, Putnam County, Florida, 75 miles from Jackson-
ville, on the west bank of the river; population 2500. This
is the chief town south of Jacksonville, both in commercial
importance and as a health and pleasure-seeking report. It
has ample hotel accommodations. The Putnam House, the
Larkin, St. John's, and Carleton are all fine houses, and
during the season are overflowing with guests; post and tele-
graph offices and two weekly papers. The streets are
shaded by wild orange trees, some of which are in full fruit
and flower at the same time, giving a beautiful appearance
to the town. Pilatka was an old military post in the Indian
wars, and many buildings now standing are built on the
frames or with the timbers of the old quarters, the engine-
house being the old magazine.
San Mateo, Putnam County, Florida, 80 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the east bank of the river, 80 feet above its level.
Welaka, Putnam County, Florida, 100 miles from Jack-
sonville, an old town, and having had at one time some com-
mercial importance, as well as a population of 1000. It is
82
bloomfield's historical guide.
Magnolia, Clay County, Florida, 28 miles from Jackson-
ville, on west bank ; post-office. This is one of the most
pleasant places on the river, having fine hotel accommo-
dations. It is much frequented by Northerners. Near this
place, to the northward, is Black Creek, which is navigable
for small steamers as far as Middieburg. A pleasant walk
of one mile brings you to
Gree7t Cove Springs, Clay County, Florida, 30 miles fi-om
Jacksonville, on the west bank ; post-office. The principal
attraction here is the fine spring, from which the place de-
rives its name. The waters of this spring are strongly im-
pregnated with sulphur, and have a temperature of about 75
degrees, well adapted for rheumatism and dyspepsia. The
bathing facilities are well arranged. This place boasts of
two fine hotels and a number of boarding-houses.
. Florence, formerly Hogarth's Wharf, St. John's County,
Florida, 35 miles from Jacksonville, on the east bank ; post-
office and wood landing.
Picolata, St John's County, Florida, 40 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the east bank ; post-office. This is the site of
an ancient Spanish city, with a fine church and monasteries,
erected two centuries ago by Franciscan friars. All that
remains at this historical point now is a cabin and field
grown up with weeds. This was formerly the landing for
St. Augustine, having been used as such until the comple-
tion of the St. John's Railroad. Opposite Picolata are the
remains of Fort Poppa, erected during the Spanish era.
Tocoi, St. John's County, Florida, 49 miles from Jackson-
ville, on the east bank; post-office. Here connection is
made by the St. John's Railroad with St. Augustine, distant
14 miles.
ST. JOHN S RIVER.
83
t
Federal Point, Putnam County, Florida, 58 miles from
Jacksonville, on the east bank of the river ; post-office and
wood landing. This place is becoming noted for its choice
fruits. Strawberry culture is an important industry.
Orange Mills, Putnam County, Florida, 63 miles from
Jacksonville, on the east bank ; post-office. Beautiful orange
groves here.
Danceys Landing, one mile further south, has one of the
oldest orange groves on the river, the fruit from which is
always sought after.
Oak Villa, on the opposite side of the river; post-office
and mail-boat landing.
Pilatka, Putnam County, Florida, 75 miles from Jackson-
ville, on the west bank of the river; population 2500. This
is the chief town south of Jacksonville, both in commercial
importance ?nd as a health and pleasure-seeking resort. It
has ample hotel accommodations. The Putnam House, the
Larkin, St. John's, and Carleton are all fine houses, and
during the season are overflowing with guests; post and tele-
graph offices and two weekly papers. The streets are
shaded by wild orange trees, some of which are in full fruit
and flower at the same time, giving a beautiful appearance
to the town. Pilatka was an old military post in the Indian
wars, and many buildings now standing are built on the
frames or with the timbers of the old quarters, the engine-
house being the old magazine.
San Mateo, Putnam County, Florida, 80 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the east bank of the river, 80 feet above its level.
Welaka, Putnam County, Florida, 100 miles from Jack-
sonville, an old town, and having had at one time some com-
mercial importance, as well as a population of 1000. It is
84
bloomfield's historical guide.
situated at the mouth of the Ocklawaha River, and was
formerly the terminus of the boats engaged in that trade.
There is a hotel at this point and several stores. The ad-
jacent country is well settled up with industrious and enter-
prising people, who have been quite successful in orange
culture and vegetable-growing. The sulphur spring near
by is famous for its medicinal virtues.
Nofwalk, Putnam County, Florida, 103 miles from Jack-
sonville, is a new settlement, but a thriving one, in the midst
of a fine orange-growing section.
Mount Royal, Putnam County, Florida, 105 miles from
Jacksonville, is an old English settlement, and famous in
the early history of the country. A sulphur spring, said to
possess wonderful curative powers in rheumatic affections,
is close by.
Fruitiand, Putnam County, Florida, 105 miles from Jack-
sonville. This point is the landing for a large settlement in
the country back of it, which has many advantages of soil,
scenery, etc.
Fort Gates, Putnam County, Florida, 106 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the west bank of the river, was a military post
during the Seminole war. Six miles from here is the famous
salt springs. Lake Kerr is also near ; it is considered one
of the finest hunting-grounds near the St. John's, and is a
most beautiful sheet of water. Fort Gates has a fine loca-
tion, with a beautiful view of Lake George. I
Georgetown, Putnam County, Florida, 113 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the east bank of the river, is a shipping-point
of some importance for oranges.
Drayton Island, the largest island in the St. John's River,
116 miles from Jacksonville, contains some 1800 acres of
LAKE GEORGE.
85
L
good soil, once largely cultivated in cotton and sugar. It
was the seat of a powerful tribe of Indians, who had their
plantations here. It is now extensively devoted to the pro-
duction of oranges and early vegetables.
Lake George, 115 miles from Jacksonville. This beauti-
ful sheet of water is about 18 miles in length, and 10 miles
in width. This lake has a number of islands in it; the
largest is called Drayton Island. The lake is well stocked
with fish and water-fowl of every description. Approaching
the southern shore, clothed in eternal verdure, the mouth
of the river is scarcely distinguishable on account of its di-
minished width and the blending of forest and stream.
Near the mouth the water is very shallow, not exceeding
five feet in depth. Efforts have been made towards its im-
provement by jetties.
Seville, on the east side of Lake George, is a post-office.
Volusia, \ o\\xs\di County, Florida, 134 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the east bank of the river; post-office. This
is also the site of an ancient Spanish settlement, no vestige
of which remains. An immense land grant was afterwards
obtained here from the Spanish government by Mr. Denni-
son RoUes, an English merchant of wealth, who erected a
beautiful mansion and established a home for the unfortu-
nate women from the streets of London, with a view to their
reformation. Numerous disasters befell the colony, and it
was finally broken up. ^
Emporia is a new town, started in the interior; distance
from Volusia about four miles, amidst pine land.
Astor, Orange County, Florida, northern terminus of the
St. John's and Lake Eustis Railway, 134 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the west side of the river.
86
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
Manhattan^ Orange County, Florida, \^ a landing on the
west side of tlie river, 136 miles from Jacksonville.
Bluffton, Volusia County, Florida, 140 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the east side of. the river; post-office. South
and east of this point are Lake Dexter and Spring Garden
Lake, on the east side of which are very rich lands and large
orange groves.
Hawkinsville, Orange County, Florida, 160 miles from
Jacksonville, on the west side of the river, is a post-office.
De Land Landings Volusia County, Florida, 162 miles from
Jacksonville, on the east side of the river, is a landing. De
Land is 5 miles from this river landing. A stage line con-
nects with mail-boats.
Beresford, Volusia County, Florida, 163 miles from Jack-
sonville, is a post-office, on the east side of Lake Beresford.
There are several landings and orange groves on this lake.
Blue Spring, Volusia County, Florida, 168 miles from
Jacksonville, is a landing on the east side of the river.
Orange City is two miles and a half from this landing.
Stages connect with mail-boats.
Sanford, Orange County, Florida, 193 miles from Jack-
sonville, on the south side of Lake Monroe; a thriving town,
with excellent hotel accommodations, and a favorite resort
of tourists and invalids.
Mellenville is the site of Fort Mellen, erected during the
Indian wars. In the vicinity are several fine orange groves.
It possesses hotel and boarding facilities. Its post-office is
located at Sanford.
Enterprise, Volusia County, Florida ; county seat ; situated
on the north side of Lake Monroe ; 198 miles from Jackson-
ville. Excellent hotel, and transportation facilities for hunt-
OCKLAWAHA RIVER.
87
ing parties and tourists. One mile from the hotel is the
Green Sulphur Springs, the waters of which are transparent '
and of a delicate green color. Near Enterprise are the resi-
dence and extensive orange grove of Fred, de Bary, Esq.,
the owner of the Merchant Line of Steamers on the St.
John's River.
Lake Jessup, 10 miles south of Lake Monroe ; Lake
Harney, 15 miles southeast of Lake Monroe; Salt Lake, the
landing for Titusville, distant 6 miles ; and the Indian River.
Lake Poinsett, the head of navigation on the upper St. John's,
is the landing for Rock Ledge on the Indian River, distant
miles.
OCKLAWAHA RIVER.
This most singular stream, flowing into the St. John's op-
posite Weldaka, was not fully explored until the year 1867.
For over 1 50 miles it runs paralleLwith the St. John's from
Lake Apopka, which is its source, through Lakes Harris,
Eustis, Griffin, etc., and scarcely a house is to be seen along
its course after leaving the lakes, but now and then a land-
ing, with its rich freights of cotton, sugar, oranges, etc., the
products of the fertile counties of Putnam and Marion. On
account of tke narrowness of the stream, and the dense foli-
age on the banks, its navigation is somewhat difficult.
No visitor to Florida should fail to visit Silver Spring,
which rises suddenly from the ground, and, after running 9
miles through Silver Run, empties into the Ocklawajia, 100
miles from its mouth. This spring is one of the wonders of
this tropical clime ; its waters are seventy-five feet or more
in depth, and so transparent that the glistening sand on the
bottom looks as if but a few inches beneath the surface.
i 1
88 bloomfield's historical guide.
The principal landings on the Ocklawaha are :
Davenport's, 12 miles from St. John's River, east side.
Boyd's, east side, 19 miles from St. John's River.
Cedar, east side, 29 miles from St. John's River.
Fort Brooke, west side, 35 miles from St. John's River; a
military station during the Indian War; formerly connected
by road across to St. John's River, and was the distributing
point for supplies for the army and the western interior.
Orange Creek, west side, 37 miles from St. John's River;
landing for Orange Springs; post-office. At this town is
one of the largest sulphur springs in the State; in former
days, a popular health resort. There are many fine orange
groves now in this locality.
Payne's, west side, 49 miles from St. John's River. A
treaty with the Indians was consummated here in 1844,
Generals Harney, Taylor, and Duval officiating.
Iota, west side, 50 miles from St. John's River; formerly
a shipping-point for products of the Orange Lake region;
distant 6 miles.
Log, west side, 59 miles from St. John's River; Fort Mc-
Coy Settlement.
Eureka, west side, 61 miles from St. John's River; post-
office. Near this landing is the famous Cypress Gate of the
Ocklawaha River, there being two large cypress trees, mak-
ing a narrow passage, between which the boats pass.
Sunday Bluff, on the east side, 70 miles from the St.
John's lliver, derives its name from the action of Rev. Mr.
Porter, who, in freighting by barges upon this river, would
stop at this blufifand hold religious service on Sundays.
Palmetto Landing, on the west side, 80 miles from the St.
HALIFAX AND INDIAN RIVERS.
89
John's River; probably derives its name from the dense
forest of palmetto trees adjacent.
Durisosa, on the east side, 90 miles from St. John's River.
Graham's Landing, on the east side, lOO miles from St.
John's River.
Grahamville, on the east side, 102 miles from St. John's
River; post-office.
Silver Spring Run, 108 miles from St. John's River. This
is the confluence of the waters of Silver Spring with the
Ocklawaha River. No place in Florida is so widely known
as this wonderful pool. A river, deep, rapid, and pellucid,
flowing impetuously from a great cave in the depth of the
fountain-head ; it is a sight to call forth at once the admira-
tion and wonder of the most stoical of travellers. The
spring is forty-five feet deep and six hundred feet in diameter.
The source of this marvellous and unfailing flood is a mys-
tery. Silver Run, which leads to the Ocklawaha River, is 9
miies in length, and is navigated by steamers, which land at
the spring, floating on its pellucid tide, with ample room
for a fleet. Fish of great size, and often huge alligators,
may be seen floating in the depths, apparently oblivious of
impending danger.
HALIFAX AND INDIAN RIVERS.
Matanzas, 18 miles south of St. Augustine. This section
is considered an excellent hunting ana fishing ground. This
is noted as the location of the massacre of the Huguenots
by the cruel Menendez, the founder of St. Augustine.
New Britain, on the Halifax River, 15 miles from Mos-
quito Inlet, and Daytona, on the same river, lO miles from
Mosquito Inlet, are flourishing settlements.
90
bloomfield's historical guide.
Port Orange, 6 miles south of Daytona. on the west bank
of the Hahfax River, 4 miles north of Mosquito Inlet pos-
sesses many fine orange groves, and is a growing and thriv-
ing settlement.
Nra> Smyrna, on the Hillsborough River, near the coast
and 3 miles south of Mosquito Inlet.
Daytona is located 7 miles south of New Britain on the
Halifax River, and 8 miles north of Mosquito Inlet, possesses
a good hotel, and boarding-houses, store, post-office, and
other facilities.
Titusville, formerly Sand Point, on Indian River, nearly
opposite Merritt's Island. This point is the eastern terminus
of the Indian River Railroad.
City Point, 15 miles south of Titusville; Georgiana, on
Merritt's Island, 35 miles from Titusville, and Eau Gallie,
10 miles south of Georgiana, are the principal settlements
on Indian River. This last-named point is the seat of the
State Agricultural College.
This section is the sportsman's paradise, abounding in
game and fish. No portion of Florida is more inviting to
the hunter or angler. The difficulty of transportation, which
formerly deterred many from visiting this portion 'of the
State, has been almost entirely removed, and the ever-increas-
ing number of visitors each season is abundant evidence of
its varied attractions.
POINTS ON THE ST. JOHN'S,
showing distances from JACKSONVILLE.
Sailing south is termed going up the river. Points marked
with a star * are on the right going up.
POINTS ON THE ST. JOHNS.
,■.*■
■ ;■, ;'"':". ■;.•/■''■ MILES.
Arlington, . . . . . ... . 2
St. Nicholas, . . .... . . . .2
Riverside,* 3
Black Point,* .10
Read's Landing,* 13
Mandarin, . 15
Orange Park,* 15
Fruit Cove, 19
Hibemia,* 22
New Switzerland, 23
Remington Park, 25
Magnolia,* ......... 28
Green Cove Spring,* . 33
Orange Dale, 34-
Hogarth's Landing, • 3^
Picolata, .....••.•• 45
Tocoi, 52
Federal Point 60
Orange Mills, 64
Cook's Landing, 65
Dancey's Wharf, 66
Russell's Point, 67
Whetstone,* . 68
Russell's Landin^: 69
Pilatka,* 75
Hart's Orange Grove, 75
Rawlestdwn, 78
San Mateo, 80
Edgewater 80
Buffalo Bluff,* 88
Horse Landing,* 94
Smith's Landing, 96
Nashua 97
Welaka, lOO
Ocklawaha River,* 101
Beecher, loi
Orange Point, 102
Norwalk,* 103
Mt. Royal, 106
91
11
92 BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
MI LIS.
Fruitlands, 107
Fort Gates * 107
Georgetown, . . . . . . . . .ill
Racemo, .112
Lake George, 113
Orange Point, 113
Drayton Island,* 114
Salt Springs,* 119
Benella,* 120
Yellow Bluff,* 121
Spring Garden,* 122
Seville 126
Spring Grove, . . . . • • . .126
Lake View 132
Astor, St. J. & L. E. R.R I34
Volusia, 137
Fort Butler,* 138
Manhattan,* ^39
Orange Bluff, 140
St. Francis,* I55
Old Town,* 156
Crow's Landing,* . . . . • • • •159
Hawkinsville,* 160
Cabbage Bluff, 162
De Land's Landing, ...... • ^62
Lake Beresford, 166
Blue Spring, . 172
Wekiva, 184
Manuel Landing, . . . . • . • .185
Shell Bank, -193
Sanford,* 199
Mellenville,* 200
Fori Reid,* 203
Enterprise, 205
Cook's Ferry, • 224
Lake Harney, 225
Sallie's Camp, 229
Salt Lake 270
Indian River, 276
ON THE OCKLAWAHA.
93
From Astor by St. J. & L. E. R.R., to :
Lake Euslis,
Fort Mason,
Leesburg, . . . • •
From Sanford by S. F. R.R., to:
Lake Maitland,
Orlando,
MILES.
25
25
51
23
25
From Enterprise to:
Smyrna,
Halifax, . ...•••*'*
Titusville, .•••••***
30
35
50
ON THE OCKLAWAHA.
The following are the points on this stream, giving the
distances from Pilatka:
Mouth of Ocklawaha,
Davenport Landing,
Blue Spring, .
Cedar Landing,
Fort Brook, .
Orange Spring Landing,
Mahlehet Shoals, .
Orange Lake Landing,
lola,
Forty-Foot Bluff, .
Log Landing,
Gillis Creek, .
Eureka, .
Sunday Bluff,
Pine Island, .
Palmetto Landing,.
Gore's Landing,
Durisoe's,
Grahamsville Landing,
MILES.
26
34
54
55
61
63
. 73
. 75
. 76
. 80
. 8s
. 90
. 94
. 96
. 97
. 102
. 108
. "4
. 118
94
BLOOMFIELDS HISTORICAL GUIDE.
MIL0.
Limpkin Bluff, , . . . . . . .122
Delk's BluflF, 126)4
Silver Spring Run, 127
Silver Spring, 136^
Merreseu's Landing, ....... 146
Lake Ware Landing, . . . . . . .151
Moss's Bluff, 154
Stark Landing, 186
Slighville, 194
Leesburg, . ........ 204
Lake Griffin P. O., 209
Lovell's Landing, 220
Fennetvella, 224
Fort Mason, ......... 230
Pendryville 233
Yal-aha, 260
Helena, 273
Okeehumkee P. O., ....... 275
Distances from Jacksonville to :
Savannah, . .... .... 172
Charleston, 287
Augusta, 172
Columbia, , 389
Charlotte, 495
Florence, 389
Richmond, Va., 748
Washington, .865
Baltimore, 907
Philadelphia, 1005
New York, 1095
Boson, ......... 1322
Nashville 653
Cincinnati, 837
St, Louis, ......... 1030
Chicago 1 131
Memphis, ggr
Louisville, 838
MAX BLOOMFIELD'S CATALOGUE
— OF —
VIEWS OF ST. AUGUSTINE.
ST. JOHN'S AND OCKLAWAHA RIVERS, AND
OTHER SECTIONS OF FLORIDA.
UNDOUBTEDLV THE FINEST COLLECTION IN FLORIDA.
ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY INTERESTING |
SUBJECTS TO PICK FROM.
ONLY 50 OTS. A DOZEN! 50 GTS.!
AND FINER THAN THE VIEWS SOLD ANYWHERE IN
THE WORL.D FOR $l.SO.
EXAMINE THE CONTENTS.
ORDERS BY MAIL PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.
In ordering by mail, always add 10 cents extra for each dozen to pay
,ur postage. Address all orders to Max Bloomfield, St. Augustine,
Florida, next door to the Post-Office.
Parties ordering Views will please give numbers instead of names.
1
IMPORTANT NOTICE,
Read this Catalogue carefully, you will find it well
worth the time and trouble. If you see a view you
would like, mark the number with pencil, and so on till
finished. Call at our store, name numbers marked,
take those that suit. If none suit, good and well,
our motto is, "no trouble to show goods." Particular
attention is called to our artistic line of large Photos,
8x10, 10X12 and Imperial Gems of Art. These photos,
are well worthy to be framed. No album or portfolio
is complete without them, and for the scrap-book we
furnish them unmounted.
When you have finished with this catalogue, please
hand it to your friends who may find something of
interest in it. Thereby conferring a favor to them and
the much obliged publisher.
Max Bloomfield.
BLOOMFIELD'S CATALOGUE
OF
VIEWS OF ST. AUGUSTINE.
Fort Series.
1 . Full view of Fort Marion from the Sea-wall.— K splendid
view from the south.
2. Water Battery, showing furnace shot-house and curves
upon which cannon rested.
3. IF^/'^r^^^/^ry, with full view of battery, with promenaders.
4. Ramparts of the fort, with an excellent view of St. Au-
gustine.
5. Southwest angle of the fort, showing its great architec-
tural beauty.
6 Southwest angle of the fort, showing the drawbridge.
7 Interior of Fort Marion.— One of the most interesting pic-
tures in the catalogue, showing the chapel and the entrance
to the subterranean dungeon.
8 Watch Tcrwer, looking seaward.— There it stands, like a
silent sentinel. Who can tell how many brave men have
gazed through its loop-holes, with beating hearts, watching
the relentless foe? . v- -^ r
Q The Wi/dCatDungeon,hmous(orho\dmgv^ithmits{our
walls the bravest and most daring Seminole chief that ever
lived, who made one of the most remarkable escapes from
prison that was ever known.
10. 5/^«^;^ ^^^/-/^^^> over the doorway of the fort^ a
translation of which will be found in Bloomfield's Histoncal
Guide of St. Augustine, . .^
7 Lock of the Subterranean Dungeon, a great cunos.ty.
1 2 Doorway, Fort Marion.- K fine view, showing how the
drawbridge was pulled in when war, with its fiery brand,
appeared. ( 97 )
98
.bloomfield's historical guide.
VIEWS OF ST. AUGUSTINE.
99
1 3. Drawbridge and entrance to fort, with Anastasia Island
in the distance.
14. Moat Drawbridge, showing an excellent view of the
moat, which contained water m the olden time, and was about
four feet deeper.
STREETS IN ST. AUGUSTINE.
15. Hospital Street, showing the old Spanish house, in
the rear of which the famous Spanish corridors stand.
16. St. George Street, showing the old, old convent, now
torn down, the site being occupied by the fine establishment
of the publisher of this catalogue.
17. St. George Street, showing the old Spanish Treasury
walls. The Florida House now occupies the site.
18. St. George Street, showing the old Spanish portion.
19. Treasury Street, looking east.
20. Treasury Street, looking west. The narrowest street
in the city, being only seven feet wide.
21. Charlotte Street, looking south.
22. Charlotte Street, looking north.
23. Charlotte Street, from St Augustine Hotel.
24. St. Francis Street. — A very characteristic view, show-
ing the oldest wall now standing, over which leans a date
palm tree, which the oldest inhabitants reijiember to have
stood, just as it stands now, when they were children.
OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN ST, AUGUSTINE.
25. The Spanish Cathedral. '
26. The Spanish Cathedral and monument in Plaza.
27. The Spanish Cathedral and St. Augustine Hotel.
28. The Exterior of the Cathedral strikes the visitor at
once with the quaintness of its architecture. It is one of the
oldest houses of worship in America.
29. Interior of Spanish Cathedral.— K very interesting
view, showing this grand old structure in all its antique
beauty, a view every visitor should purchase.
30. First Mass in St. Augustine.— 'Wix?, view is taken from
a large oil painting in the Cathedral. It shows you the first
mass celebrated in America, in 1565.
31. Interior of the Convent.— T\\q convent is quite an inter-
esting place to visit. You can obtain fine hand-made laces and
other rare fancy articles manufactured by the good Sisters.
32. The Old Slave Market, facing the Sea-wall, in the Plaza,
is one' of the most interesting views in the " ancient city."
33. Spanish Graveyard, showing some of the oldest tombs
in the country.
34. New Light-house, showing Anastasia Island.
35. New Light-hojise. Large. This is one of the finest on
the Atlantic coast, the light alone costing ;^ 16,000. Well
worth a visit. You can easily from the light-house reach
the Coquina Quarries.
36. Uftited States Barracks.
37. Sea-wall, looking south.
38. Sea-wall, looking north.
Both views give an excellent idea of the water-front.
39. Old Spanish Light-house. The ruins of which can still
be seen on Anast^ksia Island, a short distance from the New
Light-house.
40. Pyramids of Major Dade, in the Post Cemetery, a full
account of which is given in Bloomfield's Guide of St. Au-
gustine.
lOO
bloomfield's historical guide.
41. Plaza—St. Augustine,
43. Plaza— ivith ''Lightning Express;' or "Florida
Cracker."
These views show both monuments, and are very inter-
esting.
43. An Orange Archway, ^X. Mrs. Ball's fine orange grove.
on Tolomato Street.
44. Episcopal Chirch.
45. Interior of Episcopal Church.
46. Inmates of Colored Home, showing some of the cooks
and chambermaids of George Washington.
47. A Birds-eye View from Florida House, showing a
'-reat many objects of interest.
^ 48. Corridor of Old Spanish House, situated on Hospital
Street, next door to Mrs. Foster's boarding-house ; this view
gives a good idea of a Spanish house.
49. Old City Gate, looking into St. George Street.
50. Old City Gate, looking out on Shell Road.
51. Old City Gate and Fort in the distance. This old
structure creates more ideas, why it stands there, than any-
thing in the city.
52. Entrance to St. Augustine, through a lovely live-oak
lane, admired by all.
53. Monumetit in Plaza, erected in 18 12, "Plaza de la
Constitucion."
hidians—vjho were prisoners here from 1875 to 1878.
54. Minimic and his Son,
55. Howling Wolf
56. Indian Woman.
57. Indians in Soldiers' Clothes,
58. Indians in Native War Costume,
bloomfield's historical guide.
lOI
OTHER VIEWS IN AND ABOUT ST. AUGUSTINE.
59. Balls Carnage Road, in Mrs. Ball's grove, showing
orange arch.
6o.- Productions of St. Augustine. This view shows the
only real production.
61. Hunting Slaves at Matanzas, gives a good idea of how
fhe runaway negro was caught before the war.
6^ Magnolia Grove, about five miles from St. Augustme,
showing the Ivve oaks in all their magnificence, draped with
Spanish moss.
63. Picking Oranges, at Dr. Anderson's grove.
64. Uncle Jack— \^Q oldest negro in St. Augustine.
65. Moonlight on Matanzas River.
66. Fort Matanzas, an old, old relic.
67. An Hour's Search, sometimes called " Hunting in Flor-
ida " at any rate a hunt that is always crowned with success.
68. Date Tree, in Dr. Peck's yard, corner of Treasury and
St. George streets.
69. Palmetto Tree, with Fort Matanzas in the distance.
HOTELS AND PRIVATE BOARDING HOUSES.
70. St. Augustine Hotel,
71. Florida House.
72. Magnolia Hotel.
73. Sunny side House,
74. Tyler's House.
75. Hazeltine House.
76. Edwards's House,
jy. Patterson House.
78. De Medicis House.
102
OCKLAWAHA RIVER VIEWS.
79. Mrs. Heryiandezs House.
80. Mrs, Foster's House.
PRIVATE RESIDENCES.
81. Mr. AmmidowrCs Residence.
82. Dr. Andersons Residence.
83. Mr. Spear's Residence,
84. Mrs. Balls Residence,
85. Mr. Lorillards Vdla.
86. Presbyterian Parsonage.
OCKLAWAHA RIVER VIEWS.
87. Mouth of the Ocklawaha River.
88. Near Graliam's Landing, Ocklawaha River.
89. Swamps on the Ocklawaha River.
90. The Long Stretch, Ocklawaha River.
91. Palmetto Latiding, Ocklawaha River.
92. Near Sandy Bluff, Ocklawaha River.
93. The Long Beach, Ocklawaha River.
94. Wilderness, Ocklawaha River.
95. Leaning Tree, Ocklawaha River.
96. DeviCs Elbow, Ocklawaha River.
97. DeviCs Punch Bowl, Ocklawaha River.
98. Blasted Tree, Ocklawaha River.
99. Living Arch, Ocklawaha River.
1 oo. Great Cypress Gates, Ocklawaha River,
loi. Silver Springs, Ocklawaha River.
These Ocklawaha River views are undoubtedly the finest
token, and every one should have them, for they depict the
most wonderful scenery in Florida.
VIEWS OF ST. AUGUSTINE.
103
FLOMDA-FRUITS, FLOWERS AND PLANTS.
102. Orange Tree.
103. Cocoanut Tree,
104. Banana Blossom.
105. Banana Tree with Fruit.
106. Date Tree Blossom. ,. ^ •
107. Date Tree at Mrs. H B. Stowe's Mandarin,
108. Annunciation Lily.
109. Spanish Bayonet in Blossom.
no. Cherokee Rose.
111. Magnolia Blossom,
112. Prickly Pear or Cactus.
113. Scfub Palmettos.
1 14. live Oak Draped wth Moss,
115. Group of Palmetto Trees,
116. Pineapples, growing,
SOUTHERN AND FLORIDA VIEWS.
St IMS River Views.^lt is rather difficult to mention
them singly, therefore, I can only say, tha^ ^^7 -/ ^^^
cellent views, taken from interestmg points. I have 12
ferent subjects. , ...
„7 Mrs. Mitchell's Place, opposite Jacksonville.
„8 Entrance to Hart's Orange Grove, opposite Pilatka
\t. A Tropical Scene, showing the alligator in his native
''T20 Fifteenth Amendment, or the Darkey and his Mule^
;": anal, connecting Halifax River with Mosquito In-
let cut out of solid coquina rock.
;r,. srrRe^"trr .«.u, . ...s -. ./» ^
phael.
104
APPENDIX.
124. Florida Lightning Express, or "The Cracker's Rig."
125. Mrs, H. B. Stowe's Residence, at Mandarin, with the
Stowe party.
126. Mrs. H. B. Stowe' s Place, without party.
1 27. Bathing Pool, Green Cove Springs.
128. Green Cove Springs.
129. Bonaventure at Savannah, Georgia.
130. Fountains in Park, Savannah, Georgia.
APPENDIX.
Fort Series.
131. Fort Marion and City Gates, showing these rare an-
tiquities, as they appeared about lOO years ago.
132. The Old Stair-way, Fort Marion, worn away with
age, leading to the ramparts where a grand view of the broad
blue Ocean, and the " Ancient City " can be had.
133. " Drawbridge with Indian Sentinel," Fort Marion a
very interesting view.
134. Entrance to Fort Marion, a point where the " Old Ser-
geant " says, " It's obliged to ye I am for the small change,"
t. e. its cheaper to buy a copy of Bloomfield's Historical
Guide and get all the real facts.
Street Series.
135. St. George Street, showing the business portion of
St. Augustine.
Objects of Interest about St. Augustine.
1 36. Hallway of an old Spanish House. Being a compan-
ion to Corridor view No. 48.
photographs.
105
137. St. Augustine Yacht Club^ as seen from South sea
wall.
Hotels and Boarding Houses.
138. Greeno House.
139. Dining Room ^ Magnolia Hotel.
Private Residences.
140. Gilbert Cottage.
Scenes in Florida.
141. Blue Springs, a beautiful tropical scene, on the noble
St. John's River.
142. Picking Cotton, way down in Dixie.
143. An Ocklawaha River Steamer, not quite as commo-
dious as our European Palace Steamships, but they'll do for
the purpose.
144. Cotton Plant, specimen of this king of all staples.
PHOTOGRAPHS 8 x 10.
We also have constantly in stock a fine assortment of
Cabinets, size 8 by 10, which we sell for 25 cents each, or
$2.50 per dozen. They are a clear, bold photograph well
worthy to be framed, or will prove a valuable addition to a
Portfolio or Scrap Book, For the latter we furnish them
unmounted.
Catalogue.
145. The City Gate and Fort.
146. The Lightning Express, Ajax would te-rembel at the
lightning part of it.
147. A Bird's-eye view of old Fort Marion, showing this
noble structure in full.
148. St. George Street. Showing Spanish portion.
io6
PHOTOGRAPHS.
149. The First Mass said in St. Augustine, 156^, from an
old painting in Spanish Cathedral.
1 50. The Old Slave Market.
151. Interior of Fort Mariofi.
152. Door-way of the Fort.
153. Entrance to the Fort.
154. The Old City Gate — looking in.
155. The Old City Gate — looking out.
156. Col. Tyler's beautiful residence.
157. Date Tree in Dr. Peck's Garden.
158. Drawbridge of Fort , with Anastasia Island and Light-
house in distance.
159. St. Augustine Yacht Club, from South sea wall.
160. Water Battery and Hot Shot Furnace of old Fort.
161. The old Stair-way, Spanish Fort.
162. The New Light-House.
163. Moat and Drawbridge, old Fort.
164. The Watch Tower, old fort.
165. Ramparts of Fort, with a fine bird's-eye view of St.
Augustine.
166. St. Francis Street^ showing the oldest house in St.
Augustine, and that old, old leaning Palm, a very fine view.
167. Treasury Street, seven feet wide, the narrowest in the
city.
168. The Pyramids of Major Dade, and his 107 comrades.
An interesting account of the massacre can be found in
" Bloomfield's Historical Guide."
169. The Benedict Cottage.
1 70. Interior of the Old Spanish Cathedral.
171. Exterior of the Old Spanish Cathedral,
PHOTOGRAPHS.
107
,
172. The Old Spanish Convent, visitors admitted, a very
interesting sight to see the good sisters at their labors.
173. The Suyinyside Cottage.
This completes our 8 by 10 assortment and now comes
our extra fine
TEN BY TWELVE.
Photographs, price 50 cts. each or $5 for the complete as-
sortment as follows :
174. Fort Marion, Battery and Hot shot furnace showing
that portion of this splendid structure in all its rugged beauty.
175. Drazvbridge of the old Spanish Fort, and moat.
1 76. A Birds-eye View of the old fort from the shell road
with light-house and island.
177. The Old City Gates a grand photo of this most inter-
esting and picturesque old structure.
178. The Old City Gates and Fort in the distance, showing
the ditch from which the moat was supplied with water.
179. The Old Spanish Cathedral, a bold, fine view.
180. The United States Barracks the walls of which are
really the oldest in the United States, without exception, it
having formerly been an old Spanish convent.
181. ^ Birds-eye View of St. Augustine, with sea wall
looking South, a very fine view.
182. Bay Street and sea wall looking North. Fort in the
distance ; this view from an artistic point is simply grand.
183. St. George Street, with its hanging balconies.
184. The Yacht Club, St. Augustine Hotel, South sea wall
old Spanish Fish Market, and other interesting sights depicted
as life-like as Photography can make them.
io8
GEMS OF ART.
GEMS OF ART.
109
GEMS OF ART.
We will now call your attention to our grand assortment
of Imperials, size 6 by 9, mounted on fine, tinted, gilt-beveled-
edged cards, and finished in the highest art of photography,
by one of the best Northern artists. These gems can only
be found in our establishment, and must be seen to be ap-
preciated. Price, 50 cts. each, or $^ per dozen.
185. Fort Marion, showing the Hot-shot furnace. Battery,
Watch-tower, curves on which cannons rested, this is without
doubt the finest view ever taken of the castle.
186. Fort Marion, inside view, showing the full court,
chapel, subterranean dungeon, entrance and ramparts, the
finest view of interior ever taken.
187. Fort Marion from the water, showing its architectural
beauty in the fullest sense of the word.
188. The Ramparts of. the Old Fort, with a grand view of
Bay and City.
189. Full View of the Fort from Anastasia Island, showing
this noble structure in detail.
190. Door-way and Coat of Arms, a most interesting view
showing how the drawbridge Was raised or lowered.
191. Entrance to the Old Fort.
^ 192. The Spanish Cathedral. ^
193- General view of the old City Gates, the best picture
ever produced of this piece of antiquity.
194. A Panel view of the old Gate-way, a fine picture.
195. St. Francis Street, with, oldest house in St. Augustine
and reclining Palm.
196. The Date Palm (Panel), the king of all date palms
ever photographed, taken in Dr. Peck's garden, St. Augus-
tine.
197. Treasury Street, seven feet wide.
igja. St. George Street, showing Presbyterian parsonage,
Lorillard's villa, etc., etc.
198. The Plaza, Cathedral, and Monument.
199. The Plaza, as seen from balcony of St. Augustine
Hotel.
200. Magnolia Hotel, on St. John's River.
201. Green Cove Springs, a magnificent view of this mar-
velous Spring.
202. Mandarin, a peep at Mrs. H. B. Stowe's cottage, and
a grand view of two Kings of the Forest.
203. St. David: s Path, at Magnolia on the St. John's River,
a delightful picture.
204. On the Ocklazvaha near the great Cypress Pass.
205. An Ocklawaha River Steamer, going to shoot 'gators.
206. A Florida Lightning Express and baggage smasher.
207. A Negro Mansion " befo' de wah," an old Ancient
City relict.
208. The Yacht America, an instantaneous view.
209. Florida Clouds.
210. Riverside House and reflection from the water at
Green Cove Springs.
TWO GEMS ! extra size Imperials, finished in the highest
art of photography, nothing ever produced superior to them,
price $1 each.
211. The Old Century Oak at St. Augustine, Fla., showing
this King of the Forest in all his majestic grandeur, from
whose noble branches hangs in profusion sprays of Spanish
Moss.
no
GEMS OF ART.
212. Silver Springs, on the Ocklawaha River. We are
not sufficiently versed in English to do this beautiful sheet
of water justice, and we can assure you the Photograph does,
as well as photography can.
This ends our collection ; we cordially invite everyone to
call and see these views. Many dealers may try and impress
upon you that our stereoscopic views fade ; this is a falsehood
and a libel to try and induce you to pay them from 25 cents,
50 cents, and even $1 a dozen more than I ask. Beware of
such men, and at least satisfy yourself, and look at our views
before you purchase elsewhere.
The kind public in the distance is invited to correspond
with me, all letters will be cheerfully answered. We ask
you to inclose stamp, as our margin does not allow us to
incur that expense.
We cannot too highly recommend strangers, and those
anticipating a visit to Florida and the Ancient City, to pur-
chase a copy of Bloomfield's Illustrated Historical Guide, a
little book that vividly describes all antiquities of St. Augus-
tine, giving a summary of all the expeditions to Florida from
Sebastian Cabot, and having under its covers a rich store of
the traditions, customs, legends and some of the heart-rend-
ing trials of the early settlers of this old Spanish City.
Price, with maps, in paper,
" " cloth,
25c.
50c.
Address or call at,
MAX BLOOMFIELD'S,
St. Augustine,
Florida.
Map of Florida.
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will do well to carefully read the Descriptive Catalogue of Fine t'iews, herein ap-
pended, «olil at the extrenjely low (lijure of 50 cts. per <loz., w<iLth $1.50i hv
MA2I BLOOMFZELD,
DEALER IN
Books, News, Stationery, Curiosities, Fancy GoodsJ Cigars and
Tobacco, Artiste' Materials, etc., etc
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D8^
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